Chitukuko wakale wa East wakale. Chitukuko loyamba la Ancient East

History wakale nthawizonse wakhala ali ndi chidwi kuchuluka osati mwa akatswiri, komanso nzika wamba. N'zosadabwitsa, monga zinsinsi zobisika chifunga nthawi, osati kunyoza m'maganizo, komanso akhoza kupereka mayankho a mafunso ambiri amene kuzunzika ndi zamakono anthu.

Akatswiri ndi asayansi ndale adakali kufufuza polity Perisiya, amene nthawi yaitali kwambiri kuposa Roma. Koma makamaka mafunso ambiri chifukwa chitukuko wakale wa wakale East. Ngati makolo athu tikudziwa ndi zambiri, ku madera ambiri a nthawi anali - kwambiri - yekha olakwika paliponse masamba a ntchito za olemba mbiri yakale.

Komabe, lero tikambirana zikhalidwe anthu, chimene chikanakhoza kusiya ndithu chizindikiro kwambiri mbiri. Sipangakhalenso kuzindikiridwa makamaka chitukuko cha Ancient East, amene atipatsa zikamera kwambiri wa nyumba boma?

Background wa dongosolo loyamba boma

Padziko m'ma 11 BC, mumayamba kumva woyamba lalikulu maphunziro onse. Masiku amenewo, iwo anaonekera pokhapokha anagonjetsa anthu wina ndi mzake. Olamulira a limati amayamba anali amphamvu luso, koma andale m'malo pafupifupi. chikhumbo chawo chachikulu chinali zolusa thambo ndi kusunga malire, anapambana yekha mwa mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri, khalidwe akuluakulu akale wa East (ambiri a iwo, mulimonse) limaonetseratu momveka bwino kuti kudalira za chuma cha dziko ndi makhalidwe bwino nkhondo yogonjetsa.

Ngati nkhondo wopambana, ndiye m'manja mwa Aisiraeli anakumana zikwi akapolo ndi m'magawo akuluakulu amene anthu ndiye obkladyvayut msonkho wokwera. Anaonekera zotsala analola ndalama mafumu ali alembi, masikolala ndi amisiri umene ife tikudziwa kuti chinachake za nthawi imeneyo amakhumudwa. Pang'onopang'ono olamulira bwino boma, kufunika kumanga linga lalikulu.

Kuponderezedwa anthu pamene kusapitirira boma chomwecho, ndi bwino kudziwana wina ndi mzake, mtundu watsopano anatuluka. Nthawi zambiri, ngati inu kuunikila mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chitukuko cha East wakale, ziyenera kuti mitundu ina yambiri amadziwika chilakolako chawo chofuna kugonjetsa, osati akufunitsitsa kuononga chikhalidwe, kulemba ndi chinenero cha anthu anagonjetsa.

Ndi zambiri chitukuko zosiyanasiyana East wakale. Table aipatsa lingaliro mwachilungamo bwino.

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri limati wakale

Zikamera wa mphamvu kwenikweni chachikulu achititsa zinthu ziwiri zofunika. Choyamba, ku North anabwera mafuko amene anabweretsa akavalo awo kuŵetedwa. Ichi chinali chothandizira chenicheni cha nkhondo: tsopano asilikali mwangwiro zida zosamukira msanga pa mtunda wautali. Panali magaleta amphamvu kwambiri amene anali poopseza adani. Choncho, kupanga chitukuko wakale wa East anapita mayendedwe chidwi kwambiri.

Pomaliza, anthu aphunzira kubala zitsulo a yabwino khalidwe: Zida chitsulo ulimi analola bwino kukhala nthaka ndi kukula chakudya zambiri, zitsulo zida anali amazipanga cholimba, ndiponso yosavuta kudula malupanga mkuwa zida ndi malupanga. Musaime chilili, komanso chikhalidwe cha chitukuko wakale wa East: panali ya mumaganiza latsopano la zojambulajambula, anayamba kulemba dongosolo ndi BOMA.

Zotsatira za zikamera a ufumu waukulu woyamba anali osiyanasiyana ndithu. Kumene, ndondomeko mapangidwe awo anali limodzi ndi mliri kochuruka kwa chiwawa, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi maonekedwe awo anathandiza kutukula mofulumira sayansi ndi dera chikhalidwe. Choncho zimene anali chitukuko wakale wa Ancient East?

Ahiti

Amakhulupirira kuti poyamba ufumu bungwe Ahiti. Anthu a mwachinsinsi kwambiri, chifukwa kuyambira pamenepo, panapita nthawi yochuluka kwambiri, choncho wodalirika magwero ichi alibe. Amadziwika kuti iwo a fuko m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, ndi ku Asia Minor anabwera kuchokera kwinakwake mu kumpoto. Ndipotu, poyamba Ahiti anakhazikitsa madera osiyanasiyana, koma mu BC XVIII atumwi, iwo anali ogwirizana mu chimodzi. Komabe, njira imeneyi chitukuko zapita pafupifupi onse chitukuko cha East wakale ndi amakedzana.

Likulu la boma Mhiti ankakhala mu mzinda wa Hattusa. Monga anthu ambiri akale, iwo ankachita yekha kuswana ng'ombe ndi ulimi. Komabe, kumakhala bwino ndipo katswiri malonda migodi. Moti mwa olemba mbiri ndi anthu amawaona kuti mpainiya luso chitsulo yadothi.

Koma chimene anena Maphunziro a chitukuko ichi wa Ancient East? 10 kalasi iliyonse sukulu adziwe kuti Ahiti anakwanitsa pakati pa zikhalidwe zonse anagonjetsa malonda abwino ndiponso kugwirizana chikhalidwe.

yogonjetsa dziko la Ahiti

Ahiti anali odziwa ndi asilikali ankhondo olimba mtima: mu BC XVII m'ma iwo kwathunthu analanda kumpoto kwa Suriya. Mu 1595 BC, opanikizika awo adagwa lodziwika bwino Babulo. Pamodzi ndi Aperisiya, Ahiti nthawi zonse kusiyana ndi chakuti pafupifupi palibe nkhanza anthu anagonjetsa. Monga ulamuliro, iwo popanda kukhazikitsidwa kwa ankatumikira wake, ankaona kuti kukhala ulamuliro yovomerezeka mafumu (pa chikhalidwe chimene iwo kukwaniritsa zina zofunika zawo). Woyamba bwino kukana kuti Ahiti anali Aigupto.

The nkhondo pakati pawo inatenga nthawi yaitali kwambiri, monga bwino lomveka sakanakhoza kufika aliyense. Mosavuta nzeru, ndi pakati pa mitundu potsiriza mtendere anamaliza. Ahiti anayamba kupeza mbewu wotchipa ku nkhokwe ya Iguputo, ndipo Aiguputo okha pikulu kotunga ores. Nthawi zambiri, pafupifupi onse chitukuko cha East wakale ndi amakedzana anali pafupi chuma, chikhalidwe ndi chuma kugwirizana ndi mzake.

Imfa ya Mhiti chitukuko

Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Ahiti kukhala mwamtendere chotero amakakamizidwa Asuri. Pamene mphamvu yawo inayamba kuchuluka, ndipo anthu ndithu mofulumira pankhondo anatuluka ku malire a boma Mhiti. Kumene, iwowa si kwambiri amakopeka ndi chiyembekezo cha nkhondo ziŵiri. Komabe, imfa ya Ahiti sali opulumutsidwa. Azambiriyakale padziko lonse adakali kukangana za mmene anthu a Ancient East uyu anatayika. Egypt ziribe kanthu kochita ndi izo, kuyambira Afarao anthu pankhondo anali mapangano mtendere.

Ambiri mwina, izi sizinali popanda alowererepo ya "Nyanja Peoples." Mwina izi magulu lachinsinsi la asilikali akadali anatha kuyenda kwa Hattusa ndi kuwononga mzinda. Mwa njira, mu Egypt Vuto kuwukira awo, koma Ramses III anatha kupereka nkhondo yoopsa, kenako mphamvu ya anaukira "panyanja" utachepa kwambiri. Zinali chitukuko wakale wa Ancient East?

Asuri ndi Urartu

Choyamba, Asuri tatchulazi analanda dziko zochepa. likulu lawo linali mzinda wa Asuri lili mtsinje wa Tigirisi. Ankakonda onse a kalasi yomweyo, talemekezedwa Ahiti, koma makamaka katswiri komanso nkhani zamalonda. Oddly okwanira, koma anthu poyamba sanali makamaka nkhondo, koma chifukwa pamene kuli boma nthawi zambiri analanda anansi.

Koma kale mu XIV m'ma BC Asuri anatha kugwila mavuto a Babulo, ndipo pafupi ndi 9-10 Century okha kwambiri wapabanja mafuko woyendayendawu anavutika ndi pafupifupi onse chitukuko cha dziko wakale. Ancient East Komanso kaŵirikaŵiri ndi incursions awo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo pa mphepete mwa nyanja Van (mu Caucasus) ndinkakhala anthu mwachinsinsi kwambiri, amene ndi Asuri ankatchedwa Urartu. Komanso mu 10 m'ma BC, ambiri wosweka mafuko awo ophatikizidwa, tingadzifunse boma wamphamvu Urartu. "Chothandizidwa" anansi ake Asuri, monga kuukira zonse, zapangitsa ngakhale apamwala ambiri fiefs m'dera kuzindikira kufunika kuphatikiza. Dawn anthu a Urartu pafupifupi chitatu m'ma BC. Ndiye zakale oponderezedwa okha kungachititse nkhondo yogonjetsa opondereza anzawo awo.

Relations ndi Urartu

Nthawi imeneyi, mafumu a Asuri mobwerezabwereza anadwala kugonjetsedwa kwa Urartu. zolephera asilikali musati kuwonjezera kutchuka kwawo pakati pa anthu, choncho nthawi zambiri kung'anima zachiwawa ndi conspiracies uka mkati osankhika akulamulira. Padziko 750 BC anayamba kulamulira, wanzeru ndiponso wankhanza mfumu Tigilati Pilesere III, amene yomweyo chinkhoswe mu mtima wa asilikali.

Iwo rearmed kwathunthu asilikali ake, kuwapatsa zida woyamba kalasi chitsulo, ndipo anapanga amanyansidwa nkhondo maziko a chuma cha dziko. Iye ndi wolowa mmalo ake anatha angagwirizanitse Asuri ufumu yaikulu kuchuluka m'dziko latsopano limene ndidzalenga anali pamaso pa mitundu ina ya dziko wakale. Ancient East amamuonera latsopano chikhalidwe lalikulu.

zaka 40 Atangotha kusintha anayambika ndi Asuri anakwanitsa kuwabalalitsa Urartu. Komanso, iwo anagonjetsa anthu ambiri Palestine ndi Syria, anagwira mbali yaikulu ya Iguputo ndi Babulo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya chitukuko ichi kwambiri ntchito njira wasamuka yaukapolo. Ankafunitsitsa kuphunzira anthu anagonjetsa, kuswa iwo kukhonda kusiya chikhulupiriro chawo ndi chinenero.

Mosiyana ndi Ahiti ndi Aperisiya, iwo anali wotchuka chifukwa chifundo kwa anagonjetsa. Choncho, amaona anayambitsa mafumu a Asuri anapereka njira chipangizo wozunzikirapo ndi kuphana kwambiri mwankhanza. Komabe, kuchokera zachiwawa zonse ndi zolakwa iwo sanapulumutsidwe. Koma sitiyenera amawaona kuti sasonyeza anthu wamba wowopsa: komanso chitukuko onse akuluakulu a East wakale, anthu komanso kubzala "kulolera, zabwino ndi wosatha."

zikayenda Asuri

Zosaneneka chuma analandira monga kunkhondo tributes, analola kuti Asuri kubweretsa kwa bwalo lake ambiri apadera asayansi, olemba ndi nzeru ena a nthawi yake. Ndendende chifukwa cha anthu awa, tili zokhudza mabuku a Sumerians ndi Ababulo, amene anatitumiza kwa iwo. Choncho, malemba Mesopotamiya kuti ankaphunzira lero, zinasungidwa wodzilemekeza ndiponso kuti akatswiri Asuri.

Ku Nineve, likulu la ufumu watsopano anali olemera pa nthawi imeneyo mabuku pa mapale, munali nzeru zonse anatha kudziunjikira anthu a Ancient East. Mwachidule, anali kasupe weniweni wa nzeru, anadza kukhudza kuti ophunzira padziko lonse wakale.

Koma pamene anali amawapopa boma kale: m'nthawi ya chiwiri BC Asuri adani anayamba khamu kuchokera kumbali zonse. Against maziko awa, ntchito zikuluzikulu ankaimba ndi mavuto kukula mwa mabwalo olamulira. Mu 626 Nineve ulamuliro anakana bwanamkubwa wa Babulo ndipo analengeza kuti iye ndi mfumu. Zinali iye amene anapanga migwirizano angapo asilikali ndi ena anthu aku Iran (makamaka boma la Media). Olowa alimbane enieni zinawonongedwa Asuri, ndipo omaliza a asilikali ake anaphedwa mu 609 BC.

Aperisiya

Atagwa adani awo zikachitika, Asuri, anali pa kuwuka Midiiyskoe ndi Neo-Babulo. Yotsirizira anayambitsa Chaldean Nabopolassar, imene pa nthawi ina akupingapinga yogwira wolakika. mwana wake, Nebukadinezara Wachiwiri, anatha kugonjetsa osati zotsala za Assuri, koma Palestine ndi Syria. Kufika Babulo zosaneneka kulemera ndi mphamvu. Ngakhale cimodzi za zozizwa za World, akulendewera Gardens, Agiriki akale molakwika zimachitika Mfumukazi Semiramisi, zinalengedwa akatswiri ake.

Ngakhale Aryans ankakhala m'dera la Iran. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu m'madera a m'nthawi yawo amatchedwa "Dziko la Aryans", amene munthawiyo kwakukulukulu wothira mafuko woyendayendawu za m'mayiko a azungu (ngakhale pafupifupi onse otukuka wakale wa Middle East ali ndi magazi awo). M'kupita kwa nthawi, m'dera la Iran unakhazikitsidwa magulu angapo latsopano mitundu, ndi amphamvu kwambiri ndipo mwamsanga anayamba Aperisiya. Mwalamulo, iwo anali gawo la ufumu wa Amedi, koma kwenikweni iwo anali wolamulira wawo.

Wotchuka Persian mfumu Koresi Sindinafune anayamba ndi kuti anakana ulamuliro wa mfumu Mediya, kulalikira anthu ake paokha. Choncho anabadwa ufumu Persian. fuko lino zachitika mofulumira, ndipo posachedwapa gulu lankhondo anabwera ku India, ndipo mumpanda oleza Syria ndi Palestine. Koma chachikulu "kupeza" a Aperisiya ufumu Lydia, komabe wotchuka chifukwa chakuti ndi m'migodi ake zinalembedwa pafupifupi 70% ya golide, umene anali akufalitsa mu World Old asanatulukire of America. Mwachidule, chitukuko loyamba la East wakale kuti njira ya malipiro anthu onse kwa zaka zingapo kubwera anapereka.

Komanso, Aperisi Pasanapite adani analumbira kwa Agiriki, monga anagwira pafupifupi onse m'dziko njuchi. Pomaliza, mu 539 BC, asilikali anadikira awo analanda Babulo.

Velikiy Kiri anaphedwa pa ulendo wina ku Central Asia. Mwana wogonjetsa Kambisesi, anakwanitsa kugonjetsa Egypt. Lapindulidwa mfumu silingakhale anaduka, koma boma anathyola mwadzidzidzi manyazi, ndipo anafa. Komabe, Mfumu Dariyo, amene anayamba kulamulira, sanatipatse chipwirikiti mkati kuwononga boma. Iye mwaukali kulanga troublemakers onse, iye anamaliza ndawala Cyrus ku Central Asia ndi Persian asilikali reconquer gawo la India. M'mbuyo pang'ono mfumu yokha pa nkhani ya Asikuti, ndi ulendo ku Greece iye sanali bwino kwambiri.

mbali zapadera chitukuko ichi

The Perisiya anali yoyamba boma mapangidwe chotero kukula yaikulu. mtendere wa dziko chinaperekedwa ndi kugawikana ake mu zigawo - satrapies, uliwonse uli ndi malamulo wangwiro wa kazembe (ndipo iwo anakhala mafumu anagonjetsa maiko zambiri). Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa centralized boma positi ofesi, anakhala pa kusintha ndalama anakonza mu mbiri ndi cholinga standardization pazipita.

Komanso, adzaupereka kwa Aperezi likunena anapanga lingaliro limene popanda dongosolo bwino anayamba msewu sizidzakhala dziko amphamvu. anthu awa basi zinali zodzaza ndi chakuti ngakhale kunja kwa mzinda akutali kwambiri a lililonse loyang'aniridwa chinaikidwa njira yabwino kunapangitsa. Choncho, ngakhale kufotokoza pafupifupi mitundu wakale wa East limasonyeza kuti wotukuka kwambiri.

Aperisiya tsopano undeservedly aiwala ntchito ndi chiŵanda Agiriki mwachinyengo. Ndipotu, chikhalidwe chawo pafupifupi kanthu wolephera Agiriki ndi Aroma, ndipo yaitali kwambiri. Choncho, chitukuko wakale wa East wakale mwatipatsa kwambiri kuposa ambiri ankaganiza: dongosolo la kayendetsedwe, kufunika kwa maulendo zoyendera zopereka loyamba la malamulo anaika ndi zina zotero, lomwe anthu ambiri amati zinthu zapadera Masiku ano.