Mfundo Russia ndi zakunja m'ma 17: waukulu mayendedwe, zolinga, zotsatira

Mu mbiri dziko lathu a m'nthawi XVII ndi yosaiwalika kwambiri, chifukwa pa nthawi imeneyo kunali zochitika zambiri zimene zimakhudza kakulidwe wotsatira wa boma. Makamaka zofunika anali mfundo yachilendo ya Russia m'nthawi ya 17, kuyambira pa nthawi imeneyo zinali zovuta kwambiri pokana adani angapo nthawi yomweyo kusunga mphamvu ntchito zapakhomo.

Kodi anatsimikiza mtima andale?

Ambiri, zofuna za chikhalidwe, asilikali a zachuma ndipo anatsimikiza chitukuko wotsatira wa dziko lathu mu zaka zambirimbiri. Choncho, malamulo ena akunja Russia m'zaka za m'ma 17 anali amadalira kotheratu mavuto amene anakumana akuluakulu a boma pa nthawi zovuta.

ntchito yaikulu

Choyamba, kunali koyenera kwa yomweyo kubwerera m'mayiko onse atayika chifukwa cha mavuto. Kachiwiri, pamaso olamulira dziko anali ntchito kulumikiza kumbuyo madera onse amene poyamba gawo la wina Kyivan Lazaro. Kumene, m'njira zambiri aziwatsatira palibe njira yokha maganizo a reunification anthu kamodzi anapatukana, komanso kukhumba kuonjezera chiwerengero cha olimapo ndi chiwerengero cha amakhoma misonkho. Kunena mwachidule, Russian mfundo yachilendo kwa zaka za m'ma 17 anali umalimbana kubwezeretsa chokonda dziko.

Distemper N'zovuta kwambiri kunena kuti dziko: cuma munalibe kanthu, ambiri losauka wamba kuti amangoika sanali kutheka msonkho. Kupeza dziko latsopano, osati agwidwa ndi Poland, adzalola osati kubwezeretsa kutchuka andale a Russia, komanso kubwezeretsanso chuma chake. Mu, chinali chachikulu Russian mfundo yachilendo m'zaka 17. Table (10 kalasi ya sukulu ayenera kudziwa izo mwangwiro), anapatsidwa Patapita m'nkhani ino, amasonyeza lonse ambiri ndi cholinga chake.

Access kunyanja

awo kukhazikitsa zinali zofunika kwambiri ndi kubwereketsa kwa Black ndi Baltic Pacific. Choyamba, pamaso pa njira izi adzalola popanda mavuto kulimbikitsa ubale zachuma ndi Europe, kukhazikitsa yobereka katundu si kawirikawiri, komanso zipangizo zamakono, mabuku ndi zinthu zina zimene zingathandize kuthetsa backlog mu gawo mafakitale la dzikolo.

Pomaliza, iyo inali nthawi kusankha chinachake ndi Crimea Khan: kosadzilemekeza lalikulu dziko pa nthawi amadwala matenda alionse "melkotravchatomu" anzawo a mfumu yakumeneko Turkey. Komabe, musaiwale mawuwo zaka za pepala asilikali ndi zigwembe ... Mwa njira imeneyi ife nazo zochuluka za mavuto.

chakummawa

Tisaiwale kuti mfundo yachilendo ya Russia m'zaka 17 kwakukulukulu ankazunza cholinga chofuna kupititsa ku East wa dziko ncholinga pofuna ndi kuzunzidwa kwa dziko.

Makamaka, chifukwa katundu tinafunika yaikulu ubweya sable, omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dziko la kufunika kwambiri. vuto zinali kokha kuti mu gawo Loona za dziko nyama wapatali anali Kalekale povybity. Potsiriza, kwambiri chofunika kuwafika Pacific Ocean ndi kukhala pa izo ngati malire. Ndipo wina. Dziko analibe "mitu chiwawa" kuthyolako chimene chinali chisoni. Anaganiza kwambiri yogwira, koma wobvutika anthu kutumiza ku Siberia.

Izi zochimwazo kumathetsa mavuto awiri nthawi imodzi: boma pakati kuchotsa "zinthu osafunika" ndi malire ndi moyang'aniridwa lolemera. Ndicho chimene chinali mfundo yachilendo Russia cha m'ma 17. Tebulo kukuwonetsani ntchito zikuluzikulu zomwe anayenera ndiye kusankha.

Zovuta anali mfundo yachilendo Russia cha m'ma 17. Tebulo chimasonyeza kuti simuchita khumi alionse wosakwatiwa, bwino limodzi ndife si nthawi zonse popanda nkhondo.

Amene kupewedwa pothetsa mavuto aakulu?

Amene chachikulu chinali ngakhale ntchito ya "abwenzi wosatha" mu nkhope ya UK ndi France, ndi sayansi yake backwardness. Europe mu njira ya lotsatira, zaka makumi atatu, nkhondo, anakwanitsa kwathunthu kupendanso chiphunzitso cha armament ndi gulu la asilikali pa nkhondo, komanso machenjerero a ntchito yawo. Choncho, waukulu kuponya mphamvu tsopano anakhala oyenda, amene popeza mapeto a Ufumu wa Roma anali maudindo kapolo. Njira zolimbikitsa chinayamba intensively mu masiku amenewo regimental zida zankhondo.

Backwardness m'zochitika asilikali

Ndipo pano ndayima kaye mfundo yachilendo Russia cha m'ma 17. Table (kalasi 7 ayenera kudziwa malo omwe amafotokoza) wa zikusonyeza sangathe, koma asilikali ofooka kwambiri. mfundo ndi yakuti mu dziko lathu msana wa asilikali mpaka tsopano anali lolemera apakavalo. Kuthana ndi zotsala za kamodzi gulu lamphamvu akanatha ndi kupambana, koma pa msonkhano ndi asilikali France yomweyo mwina anali kudikira imfa lalikulu.

Choncho, Russia ndi mfundo yachilendo m'zaka 17 (a polongosola mwachidule) anali makamaka umalimbana kukhazikitsidwa kwa asilikali wabwinobwino, malonda ndi zida boma komanso za mgwirizano wa mayiko.

Pa nkhani zida

Dziko yaikulu ndi kwambiri amadalira malangizo a zida. Backwardness ku machenjerero ndi zida anakonza kuthetsa zida tima inatha ku manufactures European, komanso nkhani ya akapitawo mu utumiki. Zonsezi zimachititsa osati kudalira mphamvu zikuluzikulu za nyengo, komanso odula kwambiri kwa dziko.

Choncho, Russia ndi mfundo yachilendo m'zaka 17 (mbali yaikulu imene ife anafotokoza) anakhazikitsidwa pa chododometsa ndi: pa dzanja limodzi, palibe anakayikira kufunika nkhondo ndi azungu. Pa zina - kuti iwo ndi kugula zida zodula ndi zipolopolo kuti padzakhala gulu lankhondo lamphamvu ndi chuma mphamvu World Old, koma kwambiri wofooka Russia, kale Mavuto opanda moyo.

Choncho, madzulo a tebulo amatchulidwa mu nkhondo Chirasha Polish anafunika kuwononga golide. Mu Netherlands ndi Sweden, izo Anagula osachepera 40 000 muskets ndi mapaundi 20 zikwi za onga kusankha. ndalamazo ndi osachepera 2/3 la zida oyenda. Pa nthawi yomweyo akuchulukirachulukira mavuto pa mbali ya Sweden, lomwe lili ndi mwayi osati ku Nyanja Baltic, komanso akupitiriza kudzatenga mbali yaikulu ya mayiko Russian.

Mtima kwa dziko m'bwalo lonse

zoipa kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi chakuti mu West, Russia amaona kokha ngati m'mbuyo kwambiri, "osatukuka a zipolowe" dziko, amene gawo umamumvera kuwonjezeka kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu zinakonzedwa mu gawo kuphunzira. Enawo, zonse unakonzedwera tsoka ndi chisoni kwa Amwenye a North America.

Choncho, kuposa kale panali amphamvu Russian mfundo yachilendo m'zaka 17. Ntchito yaikulu izo umalimbana "kudula pawindo" imene kenako anachita Peter. Economic ndi asilikali backwardness anali chifukwa cha mlili wa banal Kupititsa osati monga kukhazikitsa ubale yachibadwa panayima wamphamvu Turkey-Chipolishi Swedish chotchinga.

Musaiwale za zokhota zonse amalonda English, amene sanali chosangalatsa kupeza mpikisano wamphamvu pa nkhani zamalonda. zotsutsana zonsezi ingathetsedwe, koma ndi kupanga gulu lankhondo lamphamvu ndi kuswa kupyola mu malonda ndipo anatseka misewu zachuma.

Apa ndi zofunika mfundo yachilendo ya Russia m'zaka 17. Mwachidule, ntchito yofunika kwambiri kugona West, komwe chirichonse ankaona kuti nkhondo.

Nkhondo ku mbali ya kumadzulo

Zonsezi zapangitsa chakuti mu 1632, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa imfa ya Sigismund III wa, mu Chipolishi Chilituyaniya Commonwealth kunabuka nkhondo kwa review mabacteria Deulino. Anayambitsa dziko lathu. Mwatsoka, asilikali anali mwachionekere wosiyana. Ambiri, Russia ndi mfundo yachilendo m'nthawi ya 17 (mwachidule zimene ife kale ikunenedwa) zakanika kusakaza chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro muyeso wa utsogoleri, nkhondo ndi zamtendere Corps.

Pano pali chitsanzo ambiri zoonekeratu ndi zosasangalatsa. Chifukwa zoipa kwambiri zamtendere Polish Mfumu Vladislav anatha kukumana ndi Crimea Chitata. Wosakwiya Russian asilikali amene ankapita ndi M. Shein, unali ndi anthu servicemen. Atamva kuti Chitata anayamba forays zonse mu dziko, iwo angochoka asilikali, kupita kuteteza zigawo zawo. Zonsezi inathera ndi dziko kusainira Polyanovskiy.

Poland amayenera kubwerera dziko lonse anagonjetsa chiyambi cha nkhondo, koma Korol Vladislav kwathunthu amasiya kunenanso kuti wachifumu Russian, ndipo dziko lapansi. Kugonjetsedwa kwa kazembe mlandu M. Shein ndi A. Izmailov, kenako mutu. Choncho, Russian yachilendo ndondomeko mu 17 m'ma si njira makamaka chabwino kwa ife.

Dera la masiku ano Ukraine

Pa nthawi yomweyo anathyola dziko kumasulidwa kayendedwe m'gawo la masiku ano Ukraine. Mu 1648, ku mbali anathyola kugalukira lina chifukwa zinthu kosati kwa anthu Orthodox, okhala dera la Commonwealth.

The culprits anali Zaporozhye Cossacks. Ambiri, iwo anali moyo wabwino kwambiri: kuteteza kupitirira Poland ku anawazunza wa chomwecho Crimea Chitata, iwo analandira mphoto yabwino (osati kuwerenga zofunkha za pankhondo). Koma Zitsulo sanali kwambiri mfundo kuti Cossacks anatenga m'maudindo ake kapolo aliyense amathawathawa ndi konse adampereka kumbuyo kwake. Iwo anayamba methodically "crackdown", mabala a mfulu kudzanso Cossack. Anatsogolera kupanduka kunabuka yomweyo Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

The kupambana ndi zolephera opandukawo

Mu December 1648 asilikali ake wotanganidwa Kiev. Mu August chaka chotsatira izo anasaina pangano Pamudzi. Anapereka kwa kuchuluka la "wogwila" Cossacks, amene akuluakulu a boma anali kudandaula ayi, koma pa mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe takwaniritsa inatha.

Khmelnitsky anamvetsa kuti chilungamo sadzatha vutolo popanda thandizo kunja. Phungu okha chigwirizano anali Russia, koma mphamvu yake sakonda kwambiri nkhondo, monga nthawi zokwanira kusintha a asilikali. Pakali pano, Zitsulo sanavomereze mtendere manyazi; kale mu 1653 opandukawo anali kuopsezedwa kutha.

Russia sanalole zimenezi. Mu December 1653 izo anasaina mgwirizano pa reunification m'mayiko Chiyukireniya ndi Russia. Kumene, atangotha dziko anakokeledwa mu nkhondo latsopano, koma zotsatira zake zinali bwino kuposa wakale.

Izi ndi zimene kufotokoza mfundo yachilendo ya Russia m'zaka 17. Malangizo chachikulu, zolinga, zotsatira zake angapezeke m'nkhani ino.