Kauntala - Reformation ndi chitsutso zachilengedwe chinapululutsa Europe mu zaka XVI-XVII. Kulimbana anataya zonse tanthauzo la chiwerengero Mpingo wa Katolika unali wamphamvu kwambiri komanso kukweza zambiri, kuphimba m'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya mofulumira kuti Vatican anakakamizika kuyankha ndi kukhazikitsa mayankho.
reciprocation
Kauntala - ndi lolimba kubwezera choipa muyeso, adaziwa umalimbana kulimbitsa chikhulupiriro Katolika ndi kubwezeretsa chikhulupiriro kosamalira kwa mapapa. Nkhonyayo Reformation anagwedeza maziko a Mpingo wa Katolika, koma kuononga kwathunthu ndi kuteteza mu nthawi unachitikira kauntala-Reformation. Ena mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti izi magulu awiri amphamvu kuimira kupandukira mayiko zochepa zapamwamba za Italy, umene panthawi imeneyo anali wanzeru kwambiri ufulu boma. Kuchirikiza mfundo imeneyi n'chakuti mkwiyo pa zachinyengo za Mpingo wa Katolika unayamba mu Germany pambuyo mawu Martina Lyutera, ndiye amagwidwa France, England, Holland, Spain, Czech Republic ndi Switzerland. Italy pa nthawi imeneyo anali kudana kuti aliyense anaiwala izo malo amene Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Kauntala - Izi Chitaliyana Spanish poyankha anansi.
Chida chachikulu cha kauntala-Reformation
Lekani zionetsero wathandiza kulenga mu 1534 ndi Ignatius Loyola Jesuit Order. The mbali Italy waika patsogolo mdani woyenera ngati umunthu monga Martin Luther, Zhan Kalvin, Yan GUS. Mwina yankho la Mpingo wa Katolika kusakhala opindula, ngati mkati mwa dongosolo yokha alibe kufuna kukhala ndi Reformation ndipo asiye machimo umene mlandu adani. N'chifukwa chake kauntala-Reformation - izo ndi kuyesa kubadwanso lamkati la Mpingo wa Katolika. Pa mbali ake anali zamphamvu kwambiri - akalonga a kum'mwera Germany ndi Italy, Mfumu Charles V, Papa ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma ndi mfumu ya Spain, Philip II. zing'wenyeng'wenye zawo zazikulu anali ndi kumene kumakhala Amonke malamulo, ndi kusaka ndi Roma Curia. The kusaka yokha, kuchititsa pamodzi ndi malonda machimo ndi kusakhutira kwambiri ndi mkwiyo wa anthu, ndi 1542 anatembenuzidwa nakhala mwachindunji papa kugonjera.
kuyamba zochitika
Kauntala-Reformation mu Europe ndi ya miyeso ya Mpingo wa Katolika kuti abwezeretse kutchuka kwake. Mu 1545 izo akambirane ndi Bungwe la Trent. Pa njira imene Paulo III wa, ndiye Papa, mu Tridente kupita XIX Zazipembedzo Council, anapita mpaka mu mbiri pansi pa dzina Serdikskogo. Pamene mawu Martina Lyutera ndiyeno iwo ankhomera wake wotchuka "95" khomo la mpingo Wittenberg imatengedwa chiyambi cha Katolika ndi XIX Cathedral ndiye poyambira pa kauntala-Reformation. Iwo inatha mu 1563 ndipo mosakayikira zinalimbitsa udindo wa Chikatolika. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri a tchalitchi amalola ulamuliro zambiri pa maganizo wene, anali cholengedwa wa Index oletsedwa, zimafika yekha mu 1966 yomwe inatenga zaka zinayi. Kusinthaku ndi atali-Reformation mu Europe ndi zimayambitsa chawo ndi moyo wawo, obisalamo mu kuya kwa Chikatolika ndi Chikhristu ambiri.
wochimwa yemwe walapa
Kauntala-Reformation ku Ulaya zochokera makamaka pa dongosolo la Ajezwiti, analengedwa mu 1534 ndi mtchatho ndi Papa Paulo III mu 1540. Mmene iye wachitira kauntala-Reformation, akuti chiphiphiritso chachikulu - "Mapeto cholakwika njira." nchito zake anali ukugwirizana ndi Order chipangizo pamodzi mizere nkhondo, ndi chilango chowawa kwambiri ndi kumvera, mlingo maphunziro apamwamba a Ajezwiti ndi kudzipereka kwawo wosatha Chikatolika. Ajezwiti ankakhala dziko ndi otchuka monga nkhanza wake, ndi ntchito ya amishonale. Akukhulupirira kuti ambiri odzipereka waluso - wochimwa wakale zachizoloŵezi. Malinga Diderot, wotentheka Loyola mnyamata anakhala mu nkhondo ndi chitayiko. chizunzo ndi awonongedwe thupi la osokonezeka kuti mawu "Jesuit" dzina banja, amene timapezamo mochenjera, chinyengo ndi baseness. Kachiwiri chimoto panja unayaka ku Ulaya. Mmodzi wa iwo unawotchedwa mu 1600 ndi Giordano Bruno.
Zonse sanataye
"The Society Yesu," Ignatiya Loyoly, amene anamenyera chiyero cha chikhulupiriro, kusiya ukulu wa Chiprotestanti, ndi kumupatsa iye akathyole Italy, Spain, Austria. Mu France, patapita kuphedwa wamagazi wa St. Bartholomew, zomwe zinachitika mu 1572, pamene 30,000 Huguenots, anakhazikitsa walola achipembedzo analaswa. zitsulo Protestant Sweden, England, Prussia, Saxony ndi Denmark. Kusinthaku ndi atali-Reformation ku Europe - ndi woimira nkhondo zachipembedzo za maulalo a unyolo wina. Mkangano wa Chiprotestanti ndi mpingo wa Katolika unali amalize 30 pokhapokha amuna. Mtendere wa Westphalia, Mukalowa mu 1648, anapanga foni ku Ufulu mpingo. Chipembedzo chatsopano ankaona machimo chachikulu cha ulesi, idleness ndi satero. Ndi bwinobwino mogwirizana ndi bizinesi kuyambika. Anthu anabzala kudzikonza ndalama ndi achuma, ndi akutulukira mpikisano. Tinganene mosakayika kuti Reformation ndi atali-Reformation chinathandiza zikamera ubale watsopano zachuma ndi dongosolo kusintha. Mumsasa, kumene Chikatolika Sichinatsitsidwe m'manja maudindo awo, bizinesi anabwera zambiri mtsogolo.