Kodi chimasanduka onunkhira: chilinganizo katundu

Taganizirani chimasanduka onunkhira. Chilinganizo wa oimira zino magazi - SpN2p-6.

kalasi Features

Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi Faraday anapeza benzene - C6H6. Poyerekeza ndi chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa, ndi mitunduyi structural wa chimasanduka zonunkhira ndi kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a zingwe zopota. Popeza kuti molekyulu lili ndi osakwanira kuchuluka a hayidirojeni, mphete onunkhira aumbike mwa mphete.

Kodi kufukiza chimasanduka onunkhira? Chilinganizo bungwe Kekule, anafotokoza dongosolo la kalasi ya chimasanduka. Kupezeka kwa nsinga awiri akutsimikiza chikhalidwe onunkhira a benzene ndi homologs ake.

katundu mankhwala

Chilinganizo ambiri chimasanduka onunkhira kumapereka lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa mankhwala onse a kalasi ya zochita Kuwonjezera: hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration. Zotsatira za mayesero ambiri anasonyeza pang'ono benzene mankhwala ntchito.

Iwo akusonyeza bwino kukana kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ndi angathe kugwirizana okha ndi cheza ultraviolet kapena kutentha okwera.

Features ya kapangidwe ka benzene

Chilinganizo maselo a hydrocarbon zonunkhira - C6H6. Onse mpweya maatomu ali mu mkhalidwe cp2-wosakanizidwa imakonzedwa mu ndege imodzi. Aliyense wa iwo ndi munthu amene si wosakanizidwa C atomu, amene amaphatikizidwa mu wamba elekitironi mtambo amene akukhala perpendicular kwa ndege ya mphete. dongosolo mphete ndi conjugated tsa-msinga ndi Mzimuyo mankhwala benzene passivity.

American Chemical Pauling akufuna benzene ankamuona ngati awiri nyumba inakula zosiyana kupeza elekitironi osalimba, kudutsa mzake.

Nomenclature ndi isomerism

Kodi inu mumawatcha aromatics? Chilinganizo cha mankhwala amene ali ndi chiwerengero cha chimasanduka onunkhira, ayenera kutsatira akufuna dongosolo maselo. The homologue zosavuta benzene ndi toluene. Kusiyana ndi losavuta onunkhira hydrocarbon ndi CH2.

Pamene dzina la oimira kalasi monga maziko kutenga benzene. Manambala a maatomu mpweya ikuchitika m'njira kutsogolo, kuyambira akulu kwa kazembe wamng'ono. Ngakhale (2 ndi 6) kupeza malo a ortho-udindo, ndi 3 ndi 5 (wosamvetseka) pambuyo embodiments.

Mapangidwe a katundu thupi

makhalidwe Kodi zathupi: chimasanduka onunkhira, Chofanana kalasi chilinganizo SpN2p-6?

Benzene ndi homologues kwake m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino ndi madzimadzi poizoni ndi khalidwe chosangalatsa fungo. Pakuti m'bwalolo onse amakhala ndi solubility otsika mu madzi. Ndalama malire, ali sungunuka mankhwala ndiponso.

mungachite kuti

Mu mafakitale chimake zokolola benzene ndi nthumwi zina za gulu la chimasanduka onunkhira, munthu akhoza kuganizira processing wa malasha phula kapena mafuta. A Baibulo kupanga ya chiphaso cha anthu a kalasi ndi mitundu zotsatirazi:

• Pogawanikana pamawere ku mamolekyulu cycloparaffins wa hydrogen (madzi m'thupi);
• aromatization wa chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa (alkanes).

Onse njira akufuna mu kutembenuka kwa mankhwala a chimake onunkhira idzagwiritsa ntchito kutentha ndi chothandizira.

Mwa njira wamba yodalirika zasayansi arenes pakhoza kutchulidwa Wurtz kaphatikizidwe. Iwo amakhala ndi mogwirizana halogen munali alkane ndi sodium wochuluka zachitsulo.

NKHANI homologues wa benzene

Toluene, imene gulu methyl alipo, adzalowa zochita mankhwala kuposa benzene. Popeza CH3 orientant mtundu woyamba m'gulu substituents adzakhala zochokera ortho (ngakhale) maudindo. Toluene amatha halogenation (chlorination, bromination, iodination), ndipo nitration.

Pomaliza

chimasanduka onse onunkhira lolingana chilinganizo ambiri SpN2p-6. Pa kuyaka kwa mpweya mpweya anamasulidwa kuchuluka okwanira mwaye kuti mosavuta zinakhalako zili kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu izo.