Kugwa kwa Old boma Russian: history, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira

Kugwa kwa Old boma Russian ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri ndi yofunika kwambiri oyambirira Ages Middle. Kuwonongedwa kwa Kievan Yairo anasiya chizindikiro chachikulu mbiri ya kum'mawa Asilavo ndi ku Ulaya. Kupereka wofanana kuyamba tsiku ndi mapeto kugawikana zovuta. Dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse pafupifupi 2 zaka ndisungunuka, namiza mu mwazi wa nkhondo zapachiweniweni ndi nkhondo yachilendo. buku lakuti "The kugwa kwa Old Russian amati: Short" ndi kuvomerezedwa kuwerenga kwa mabungwe onse mbiri ya Soviet Union.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za mavutowo

Chifukwa kugwa kwa Old boma Russian ofanana zimayambitsa kugwa kwa limati amphamvu a dziko akale. Muzimupatsa ufulu kwa mafumu a mzinda pa nthaka mbali yofunika patsogolo ndi chitukuko cha feudalism. Mfundo kuyambira tinganene kuti imfa ya Yaroslava Mudrogo. Pamaso kuti Lazaro ankalamulidwa ndi ana a Rurik - mlendo pa ulamuliro wa Varyag a. Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa mafumu zalembedwa boma nthaka yonse. Mu mzinda zonse zazikulu pamalo amodzi kapena mbeu ina kalonga. Onse iwo anayenera kupereka msonkho kwa pakati ndi kupulumutsa kumuwombera pa nkhani ya nkhondo kapena Kutsutsa m'mayiko ena. Akuluakulu chapakati anakumana ku Kiev, limene linali osati ndale komanso likulu la chikhalidwe chawo cha Russia.

zofooketsa Kiev

Kugwa kwa Old boma Russian mosalephera anali chifukwa cha kufooka kwa Kiev. Pali latsopano ankadutsa (mwachitsanzo, "ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki"), amene anyalanyaza likulu. Komanso m'munda ena akalonga apanga forays mu palokha wongosamukasamuka ndipo anasiya chuma kubedwa lenilenilo, limene anawalola kukhala autonomously ku likulu. Atamwalira Yaroslav anaonekera kuti ndi Rurik mafumu yaikulu aliyense akufuna kuti nsinga ndi.

Wamng'ono ana a Grand Duke anafa, anayamba yaitali motero nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Ana Yaroslav anayesa kugawanitsa pakati pawo Lazaro, potsiriza akusiya boma. maufumu angapo uli bwinja ndi nkhondo. Izi ntchito Polovtsy - anthu woyendayendawu ku steppes kum'mwera. Iwo adzaukira ndi kuwononga malire dziko, nthawi iliyonse pakupita patsogolo. akalonga angapo anayesa amawateteza zankhanza, koma sizinathandize.

World mu Liubech

Vladimir Monomakh lachiweruzo msonkhano wa akalonga onse Ljubech. Cholinga cha zopereka anali kufuna kuteteza udani wosatha ndi kuyanjana pansi mbendera imodzi, kulimbana kumbuyo wongosamukasamuka. Onse panopa kugwirizana. Koma nthawi yomweyo anaganiza kusintha malamulo a mkati mwa Russia. Kuyambira tsopano, aliyense mkulu analandira mphamvu zonse chuma chawo. Iye ankayenera kuti akhale nawo pa yokopa anthu ambiri ndipo ntchito zochita zawo ndi maufumu ena. Koma anathetsa msonkho ndi misonkho ina ku Limbe.

Chotero pangano ikaleka magazi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, koma catalyzed chiyambi cha kugwa kwa Old boma Russian. Ndipotu, Kiev wataya mphamvu zake. Koma anakhalabe pakati chikhalidwe cha Russia. Ena a gawo unagawidwa 15 States "dziko" (magwero osiyanasiyana akusonyeza pamaso pa 12 mpaka 17 formations amenewa). Pafupifupi mpaka cha m'ma 12 mu 9 maukulu mtendere. Aliyense wachifumu anakhala cholowa, amene mukopedwe zikamera wa achepetse m'mayiko amenewa. Pakati pa anansi munkakhala mgwirizano ndi Kalonga wa Kiev anali amaona "woyamba pakati wao sunganyemeke".

Choncho, chifukwa Kiev anayamba tisalankhule. akalonga angapo akhoza kulamulira zonse ku likulu ndi zigawo. Kusintha nthawi zonse achepetse osiyana anatsogolera mzinda ndi oyandikana nawo pansi. Pali zitsanzo woyamba mu dziko la Republic anali Novgorod ukulu. olemekezeka pano mwayi (vigilantes ana amene analandira dziko) mbe mphamvu kwambiri kuchepetsa chikoka kalonga. zochita zonse zoyambirira anapangidwa bungwe dziko, ndi "mtsogoleri" woyang'anira anatumizidwa ntchito.

kuwukira

Azingokhala yomaliza ya Old boma Russian zinachitika nkhondo ya asilikaliwa. Ang'onoang'ono kugawikana chinachititsa kuti a zigawo payekha. Mzinda uliwonse mwachindunji kulamulidwa ndi kalonga, imene mu malo, akhoza mwanzeru kuonetsetsa chuma. Zimenezi zinathandiza kusintha mmene chuma chikuyendera komanso yapadera kwambiri za chikhalidwe. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo kwambiri utachepa luso chitetezo cha Russia. Ngakhale Lyubechesky dziko mobwerezabwereza zimachitika internecine nkhondo izi kapena kuti ukulu. Iwo mwachangu anakopeka mafuko Polovtsian.

Pofika m'ma 13 zana pa Russia anapachika kuopseza lowopsya - nkhondo ya ku Mongolia kummawa. Ndi kuwukira uyu wa wongosamukasamuka ankakonza zaka zambirimbiri. Mu 1223 panali kunkhondo. cholinga chake chinali kafukufuku ndi kumayambiriro kwa chikhalidwe ndi asilikali Russian. Pambuyo Batu Khan anakonza kuukira ndi kugonjetsa Russia lonse. Woyamba chikuyesedwa anali dziko Ryazan. Mongolia onse owonongedwa kwa masabata angapo.

chitayiko

Mongolia bwino ntchito zinthu mkati mu Russia. Ukulu, ngakhale si osemphana ndi mzake, anali mwamtheradi oyima pawokha ndondomeko osati msangamsanga kwa kuthandizana. Aliyense kuyembekezera kugonjetsedwa kwa mnansi kuthana ndi phindu womwe uno. Koma zinthu zinasintha pambuyo chiwonongeko chotheratu cha mmizinda Ryazanschine. Asilikaliwa anagwiritsa ntchito njira ya anawazunza kudutsa dzikoli. Kungokhala kuukira anatenga gawo anthu 300 500 thousand (kuphatikizapo asilikali, alemba ntchito kwa anthu anagonjetsa). Pamene Lazaro akhoza kuika anthu zosaposa 100 zikwi kwa maukulu onse. mphamvu Asilavo anali ukulu zida ndi njira. Komabe, ku Mongolia anayesa kupeŵa nkhondo anamanga ndi amakonda kuukira mwamsanga modzidzimutsa. Wamatamayo manambala kunapangitsa kuti kumachilambalala m'mizinda ikuluikulu ku kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana.

kukaniza

Ngakhale malumikizanidwe wa mphamvu 5 kuti 1, Russ anapereka kukana mwamphamvu Aisiraeli. Mongol zomvetsa apamwamba kwambiri, koma mofulumira kudzadza likuvutika akaidi. Kugwa kwa Old boma Russian wakhala inaimitsidwa chifukwa cha kuphatikiza akalonga kuopseza chiwonongeko. Koma izo zinali mochedwa. Mongolia mofulumira patsogolo mu Russia, akuwononga gawo limodzi pa nthawi. Patangotha zaka 3 200,000th asilikali a Batu Khan anaima pa zipata za Kiev. Wolimba Russ kumbuyo likulu la chikhalidwe chawo mpaka posachedwapa, koma asilikaliwa anali pa nthawi zambiri. Anamuwotcha ndi inawonongedwa pambuyo adani a mzinda. Choncho, otsiriza kusonkhanitsa mfundo ya m'dzikolo Russian - Kiev - salinso ndi mbali ya malo chikhalidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo tinayamba zankhanza a mafuko Chilituyaniya ndi kuyenda Catholic German Order. Russia unatha.

Zotsatira za kugwa kwa Old boma Russian

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 13 pafupifupi onse mayiko a Russia anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa mitundu ina. Zolotaya Orda ulamuliro kum'mawa, Lithuania ndi Poland - mu West. Chifukwa kugwa kwa Old Russian boma bodza mu kugawikana ndi kusowa kwa mugwirizano pa akalonga, komanso akumane achilendo nkhani zandale. Chiwonongeko cha boma ndi kukhala pansi kuponderezana yachilendo catalyzed chilakolako kuti mutengeko mgwirizano wa maiko onse Russian. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale ufumu wamphamvu wa Moscow, ndiyeno Russian Ufumu.