Mars, makhalidwe dziko n'chiyani. Distance kuti Mars

Mars - wachinayi dziko la dongosolo lathu dzuwa, ndi wachiwiri zing'onozing'ono pambuyo Mercury. Ndi dzina la mulungu wachiroma wa nkhondo. dzina ake "Red Planet" amachokera ku padziko utoto, lomwe ndi chifukwa predominance wa chitsulo okusayidi. Pakatha zaka zingapo, pamene Mars umatsutsana ndi dziko, ndi kuonekera kwambiri kumwamba usiku. Chifukwa cha ichi, anthu anaona dziko kwa zaka, ndipo maonekedwe ake mu mlengalenga zatenganso mbali yaikulu mu nthano ndi machitidwe nyenyezi a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Mu masiku ano chakhala kwenikweni zakuya asayansi atulukira kuti patsogolo nzeru zathu dongosolo dzuwa ndi mbiri yake.

Kukula, kanjira ndi unyinji wa Mars

The utali wozungulira dziko wachinayi kuchokera dzuwa ndi za 3396 kukafika pa equator ndi 3376 kukafika mu zigawo kumalo ozizira womwe ndi 53% wa utali wozungulira wa Dziko Lapansi. Ndipo ngakhale za misa theka la Mars ndi 6.4185 × 10²³ makilogalamu, kapena 15.1% ya unyinji wa lathuli. Tilting olamulira ndi ofanana ndi dziko lapansi ndi 25,19 ° kwa ndege yozungulira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dziko wachinayi kuchokera dzuwa akukumana ndi nyengo pa chaka.

Pa mtunda lake lalikulu ku Sun, Mars ukuzungulira pa mtunda wa 1.666 ndi. e., kapena makilomita miliyoni 249,2. Pa perihelion, pamene wapafupi nyale wathu, atachotsedwa pa 1,3814 ndi. e., kapena makilomita miliyoni 206,7. Red Planet chofunika 686,971 Earth masiku, amene ali ofanana ndi 1,88 zaka Earth kuti kusintha dzuwa. Tsiku Martian, amene Padziko Lapansi ndi wofanana ndi tsiku limodzi ndi mphindi 40 chaka kumatenga masiku 668,5991.

The zikuchokera kwa nthaka

Pa kachulukidwe avareji 3.93 g / cm³ Mars anayerekezera zimene kupangitsa zochepa wandiweyani kuposa Dziko Lapansi. voliyumu yake ndi pafupifupi 15% ya dziko lathuli, ndi kulemera - 11%. Mars Red - chifukwa cha kukhalapo padziko chitsulo okusayidi, imadziwika dzimbiri. Kupezeka kwa mchere mu fumbi, ndi kuonetsetsa kupezeka kwa mitundu ina - golide, zofiirira, zobiriwira, komanso ena.

Gulu dziko lapansili wolemera mchere, munali pakachitsulo ndipo mpweya, zitsulo ndi zinthu zina zomwe zambiri m'gulu mapulaneti miyala. Nthaka pang'ono zamchere ndipo lili magnesium, sodium, potaziyamu ndi chlorine. Zatsopano anachita pa zitsanzo nthaka komanso kusonyeza kuti pH ake ndi 7,7.

Ngakhale madzi kulibe pa pamwamba pa Mars chifukwa cha mpweya wake woonda, lalikulu woipa ayezi anaikira mu zisoti kumalo ozizira. Ndiponso, kuchokera mzati 60 ° kumpoto Madzi oundana zone chimafikira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madzi alipo pansi kwambiri padziko monga osakaniza limati ake olimba ndi madzi. deta Rada ndi zitsanzo nthaka anatsimikizira pamaso pa akasinja mobisa yosungirako komanso m'ma M'madera a zitunda.

kapangidwe mkati

Dziko Mars, m'badwo wa 4.5 Chiga imakhala ndi wandiweyani zachitsulo pakati atazunguliridwa ndi chovala cha pakachitsulo. Phata tichipeza sulfide chitsulo ndi lili kawiri monga zinthu zambiri kuwala kuposa pachimake dziko lapansi. The makulidwe avareji kutumphuka ndi za 50 kukafika ndi pazipita 125 Km. Ngati ife kuganizira Miyeso ya mapulaneti, kutumphuka dziko lapansi, amene ali wofanana ndi makulidwe pafupifupi 40 kuchokera nthawi 3 n'kakang'ono kuposa Mars.

zitsanzo Current amati matabwa ake mkati, ngale kukula ziri mkati utali wozungulira wa 1700-1850 Km, ndi tichipeza makamaka a chitsulo ndi faifi tambala ndi za 16-17% sulfure. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake ang'onoang'ono ndi misa mphamvu yokoka padziko Mars ndi% 37.6 okha a dziko lapansi. Mofulumira yokoka ndi wofanana 3.711 m / s² poyerekeza 9,8 m / s² padziko lathuli.

makhalidwe pamwamba

Red Mars ndi fumbi ndi youma pamwamba, ndipo geologically ofanana kwambiri Earth. Iwo ali zigwa ndi m'mapiri, ndi ngakhale yaikulu mumchenga mu dongosolo la zowalitsa. Palinso phiri lalitali - chishango kuphulika Olympus, motalikitsa ndi kuya chigwa - Valles Marineris.

Impact zimaphala - zinthu lililonse kwa malo, amene lili ndi dziko Mars. M'badwo wa mabiliyoni a zaka. Iwo bwino anapulumutsidwa chifukwa mlingo pang'onopang'ono osefukira. The lalikulu la izi ndi Dolina Ellada. The circumference wa Chigwa ndi za 2,300 Km, ndi kuya kwake ndi 9 Km.

Padziko Mars n'zothekanso kusiyanitsa gullies ndi njira, ndipo asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kamodzi loyenda madzi. Anawayerekezera ndi dongosolo ofanana padziko lapansi, zikhoza kapadera kuti osachepera pang'ono popangidwa ndi kukokoloka madzi. njira izi ndi opondapo - 100 Km m'lifupi ndi makilomita zikwi ziwiri m'litali ..

makina a Mars

Mars ali miyezi iwiri yaing'ono, Phobos ndi Deimos. Iwo anapeza mu 1877 ndi zakuthambo Asafu Hall, ndipo dzina la zilembo lanthano. Malinga ndi mwambo wa kupeza maina nthano chakale, Phobos ndi Deimos ali ana a Ares - mulungu Greek wa nkhondo, amene anali zinachitika wa Roma Mars. Woyamba ukuimira mantha, ndipo chachiwiri - chisokonezo ndi mantha.

Phobos ndi za 22 Km awiri, ndi mtunda kuchokera ku Mars ndi 9234.42 kukafika pa perigee ndi apogee 9517.58 Km. Izi pansipa okwera synchronous, ilili ndipo amatenga maola 7 kokha kuuluka padziko lapansili. Asayansi amati miliyoni 10-50 zaka, Phobos akhoza kugwa padziko Mars kapena kuphwanya mu dongosolo mphete mozungulira icho.

Deymos ali m'mimba mwake pafupifupi 12 Km, ndipo mtunda wake ku Mars wa 23455.5 kukafika pa perigee ndi apogee 23,470.9 Km. Full nayenso Kanema zimapangitsa masiku 1,26. Mars angakhale nthambi zina amakhala aang'ono kwambiri kuposa 50-100 mamita awiri, ndi pakati Phobos ndi Deimos imakhala ndi mkombero wa fumbi.

Malinga ndi asayansi, miyezi awa anali kamodzi asteroids, koma ndiye iwo anagwidwa ndi yokoka pulanetiyo. Low albedo ndi zikuchokera miyezi iwiri (carbonaceous chondrite), omwe ndi ofanana ndi nkhani asteroid, thandizani mfundo imeneyi, ndi wosakhazikika kanjira wa Phobos Zingaoneke, zikusonyeza kulanda posachedwapa. Komabe, miyezi iwiri kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira zozungulira ndipo zili mu ndege kwa dziko, amene ndi zachilendo kwa matupi analandidwa.

M'mlengalenga ndi nyengo

amasokoneza nyengo woonda kwambiri chifukwa kukhalapo kwa mlengalenga, ndipo zimenezi wapangidwa ndi 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% - 1.89% ndipo argon - asafe ndi kuda mpweya ndi madzi. Ndi yafumbi kwambiri ndipo lili particles olimba ndi kukula 1.5 microns awiri kuti Madontho Martian kumwamba pamene kuonera pamwamba mu mdima chikasu. kusintha Atmospheric kuthamanga mkati 0,4-0,87 kPa. Izi pafupifupi 1% Lapansi pa nyanja.

Chifukwa wosanjikiza zonyalazo gasbag ndi mtunda kwambiri ndi dzuwa umafunda padziko Mars poipa kwambiri kuposa padziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri, ndi wofanana -46 ° C. M'nyengo yozizira iyo akutsikira -143 ° C mizati ndi m'chilimwe masana pa equator ndi 35 ° C.

Pa dziko othamanga mikuntho fumbi kuwasandutsa mphepo yamkuntho yaing'ono. mikuntho More chiwawa kumachitika pamene fumbi limatuluka ndi likamatenthetsa dzuwa. Mphepo analimbitsa, kupanga mphepo, lonse limene anayeza ndi zikwi makilomita, ndi nthawi yawo - miyezi ingapo. Iwo amabisira pafupifupi buku lonse Martian padziko dera la munda zithunzi.

Kuda methane ndi amoniya

Mu chikhalidwe cha dziko monga kuda dziko ndi wapezeka, ndende amene ali 30 ppb. Akuti Mars anfunika kubala matani 270 a dziko pa chaka. Kamodzi mu mlengalenga mafuta akhoza unalipo kwa nyengo yochepa ya nthawi (zaka 0.6-4). Kukhalapo Kwake, ngakhale nthawi yochepa moyo, zikusonyeza kuti payenera kukhala gwero yogwira.

Pakati mungachite ananena - ntchito chiphala, nyenyezi ndi kukhalapo kwa methanogenic mitundu tizilombo tating'onoting'ono moyo pansi padziko. Dziko akhoza akamagwira njira sanali zamoyo otchedwa serpentinization, ndi nawo madzi, mpweya woipa ndi olivine amene nthawi zambiri amapezeka pa amasokoneza.

Satellite ndi Mars Express nayenso wapezeka amoniya, koma ndi yochepa moyo. Si bwino zimene umabereka, koma ntchito chiphala wakhala akufuna monga gwero zotheka.

kufufuza mapulaneti

Kuyesa kupeza zimene Mars inayamba mu 1960 ndi. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1960 1969, dziko la Soviet Union kwa Red Planet 9 opanda spacecraft, koma iwo sakanakhoza kufika cholinga. Mu 1964, NASA anapezerapo Woyendetsa Chombo probes kuthamanga. Zitsulo woyamba "Woyendetsa Chombo 3" ndi "Woyendetsa Chombo 4". Ntchito loyamba analephera pa analamula, koma lachiwiri, limene unayambitsidwa masabata 3 Patapita anakwaniritsa ulendo 7.5 miyezi.

"Woyendetsa Chombo-4" anapanga woyamba zithunzi proximal Mars (kusonyeza amadza zimaphala) ndipo anapereka deta yolondola pa kuthamanga mumlengalenga padziko ndi pakalibe anati maginito ndi cheza lamba. NASA anapitiriza pulogalamu kukhazikitsa wina awiri utali kufufuzanso Woyendetsa Chombo 6 ndi 7, amene anafika dziko mu 1969

Mu 1970, dziko la Soviet Union ndi United States mpikisano omwe azitsogolera woyamba Kanema yokumba kuti kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira Mars. Soviet pulogalamu M 71 m'gulu atatu spacecraft - "Space-419" ( "atsala pang'ono-1971C»), «Mars-2" ndi "Mars-3". Woyamba katundu kafukufuku inaonongeka pa oyambitsa. Anasintha ntchito "Mars-2" ndi "Mars-3" ndi osakaniza a orbiter ndi lander ndipo anali malo oyamba, zakuthambo ankafika anachita (kupatula Moon).

Iwo akhala bwino anapezerapo mu m'ma May 1971 ndipo ndege kuchokera Earth kuti Mars miyezi isanu. November 27, ankafika luso "Mars-2" anapanga ankafika pangozi chifukwa cholephera ya kompyuta adakwera ndipo anakhala munthu woyamba opangidwa zinthu zafika padziko Red Planet. December 2, "Mars-3" anapanga ankafika wa nthawi zonse, koma kutengerapo ankafunika pambuyo 14.5 ndi kulengeza kwa.

Nthawiyi, NASA anapitiriza Woyendetsa Chombo pulogalamu, ndipo mu 1971 anali anapezerapo probes 8 ndi 9. "Woyendetsa Chombo 8" pa chiyambi-mmwamba ndipo anagwa ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Koma spacecraft chachiwiri osati anapanga ku Mars, koma analinso woyamba bwino kukhazikitsidwa kwa kanjira kake. Ngakhale zinatha fumbi mkuntho mapulaneti lonse, ilili anakwanitsa kutenga zithunzi za Phobos. Pamene chimphepochi, kafukufuku anatenga zithunzi, anapereka umboni mwatsatanetsatane padziko Mars anali kamodzi madzi unaturuka. Anapeza kuti phiri lotchedwa Snow Olympus (chimodzi cha zinthu zingapo zimene kukhalabe kuonekera pamene mapulaneti fumbi mphepo) ndi wapamwamba mapangidwe dongosolo dzuwa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti phiri ake renaming Olympus.

Mu 1973, boma la Soviet Union anatuma probes zinayi: 4 ndi orbiters 5 "Mars" ndi probes yozungulira ndi adzatsika "Mars 6" ndi 7. probes onse interplanetary, kupatulapo "Mars-7", transmits deta ndi ulendo "Mars-5" anali opambana kwambiri. Mpaka nthawi depressurization wa nyumba ya siteshoni chopatsilira anakwanitsa kusamutsa 60 zithunzi.

Ndi 1975, NASA anapezerapo Viking 1 ndi 2, wopangidwa mwa orbiters awiri awiri reentry. Mission ku Mars udaikidwa kufufuza tayamba moyo ndi kuonerera tingachidziwe nyengo, zivomerezi ndi maginito. Zotsatira za mayesero kwachilengedwenso pa bolodi mbadwa "Viking" anali inconclusive, koma kukonzanso kuwunika, lofalitsidwa mu 2012, anandiuza pamaso pa zizindikiro za moyo tating'onoting'ono pa dziko.

Orbiters anapereka umboni wakuti analipodi pa Mars Water - chachikulu chigumula anapanga kwambiri maphompho motsatizana zikwi makilomita. Komanso, mbali ya utuluke ndi nthambi mu Chigawo cha kum'mwera amati pali kamodzi mpweya.

The resumption la ndege

Dziko wachinayi kuchokera dzuwa alibe afufuza mpaka 1990s, pamene NASA anatumiza ntchito Mars Pathfinder, imene inali m'mlengalenga kuti tidakocheza siteshoni "mlendo" kusuntha kafukufuku. makina anafika pa Mars July 4, 1987 ndipo anali umboni wa kugwirizana kwa umisiri kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa maulendo zina, monga kubzala, ntchito matumba mpweya ndi zodziwikiratu chopinga kupeŵa.

Ntchito pafupi Mars - sanjira Kanema MGS, inafalitsidwa dziko September 12, 1997 ndipo ndinayamba ntchito mu March 1999 kuti munthu wodzala chaka Martian otsika kutalika kanjira pafupifupi kumalo ozizira, anaphunzira padziko lonse ndi mlengalenga, ndipo anatumiza deta zambiri za dziko kuposa mishoni m'mbuyomo pamodzi.

November 5, 2006 MGS sanakumane ndi Lapansi, ndipo NASA ndi khama kubwezeretsa anali anasiya January 28, 2007

Mu 2001, kupeza zimene Mars watumidwa kwa Mars Odyssey Orbiter. Cholinga chake chinali kupeza umboni kuti kuli madzi ndi ntchito chiphala pa dziko ndi ntchito spectrometers ndi imagers. Mu 2002, analengeza kuti kafukufuku wapezeka wambirimbiri wa hydrogen - umboni kuti kuli madipoziti yaikulu ayezi mu chapamwamba mamita atatu nthaka mkati 60 ° wa Pole South.

June 2, 2003 ndi European Space Agency (ESA) anapezerapo ndi "Mars Express" - ndi spacecraft wopangidwa mwa Kanema ndi mbadwa za kafukufuku "Beagle 2". Iye anapita mu kanjira December 25, 2003, ndi kafukufuku analowa chikhalidwe cha dzikoli tsiku lomwelo. Pamaso ESA wotaya kukhudzana ndi lander ndi, Mars Express Orbiter anatsimikizira pamaso mpweya woipa ayezi ndi pa Pole South.

Mu 2003, NASA anapezerapo kuphunzira pulogalamu dziko MER. Ndi ntchito rovers awiri "Mzimu" ndi "mwayi." Mission ku Mars anali ntchito kufufuza miyala osiyana ndi dothi kudziwa umboni wa kukhalapo kwa madzi kuno.

12.08.05 unayambitsidwa Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), amene anafika pulanetiyo kanjira 10.03.06. Pa bolodi galimoto ndi zida sayansi cholinga kuti azindikire madzi, ayezi ndi mchere padziko ndipo pansi pake. Komanso, MRO adzapereka thandizo kwa m'badwo wotsatira kuti a probes danga: tsiku kuunikira nyengo pa Mars ndi boma la pamwamba pake, izo amafufuza malo tsogolo ankafika ndi zosowa dongosolo latsopano kutumiza umene kufulumizitsa mogwirizana ndi dziko lapansi.

August 6, 2012 mu Chigwa cha aakulu tidakocheza NASA ndi Mars Science Laboratory mbala MSL ndi "Kyuriositi". Ndi iwo anali apeza zinthu zambiri zokhudza zimene zinkachitika m'deralo nyengo ndi pamwamba komanso particles organic anali wapezeka.

November 18, 2013 mu komabe pofuna wina kupeza zimene Mars MAVEN unayambitsidwa Kanema, cholinga chimene ndi kuphunzira m'mlengalenga ndi kupereka chizindikiro rovers robotic.

Akatswiri

Dziko wachinayi kuchokera Dzuwa - kwambiri kuphunzira mu dongosolo la zowalitsa, pambuyo Earth. Panopa padziko siteshoni ntchito yake "Mwayi" ndi "Kyuriositi" ndipo mu kanjira 5 spacecraft - Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, MRO, AMAYI ndi Maven.

probes sanathandize popereka ndi zithunzi amazipanga mwatsatanetsatane za Red Planet. Anathandiza tikupeza kuti madzi kamodzi panali, ndipo anatsimikizira kuti Mars ndi Earth ofanana kwambiri - iwo ndi zisoti ayezi kumalo ozizira, kusintha nyengo, nyengo ndi kupezeka madzi. Iwo asonyeza kuti zamoyo likanakhalako lero, ndi zambiri kale.

The yonse ya anthu kupeza zimene Mars, osati wofooka, ndiponso tikuyesetsa kuphunzira padziko ndi akuchepa nkhani yake sanawasiyiretu. M'zaka akubwera, ndiye kuti apitirize kutumiza rovers ndi woyamba kutumiza munthu. Ndipo pa nthawi, kutenga nkhani kupezeka kwa zinthu zotiyenereza dziko wachinayi kuchokera dzuwa adzakhala nthawizonse oyenera wamoyo.