Ndi pamwamba pa Mars chiyani? Izo zikuwoneka ngati padziko Mars?

Shimmering mu masiku a atasemphana yolakwika ofiira ngati magazi ndi woyimba wosazindikira lachinsinsi mantha enigmatic ndi zachinsinsi nyenyezi kuti Aroma wakale dzina lake polemekeza mulungu wa nkhondo Mars (Ares mu Greek), sangakane zosonyeza dzina la mkazi. Ahelene amanenela Phaeton kuti "Mtendere ndi yowala" maonekedwe padziko Mars afunika mtundu yowala ndi "mwezi" mtunda ndi zimaphala chiphala, dents ku nkhonya meteorites chimphona, zigwa ndi zipululu.

Makhalidwe yozungulira

The eccentricity wa kanjira elliptical ndi 0.0934 Mars, kuchititsa motero kusiyana pazipita (miliyoni 249 km) ndi osachepera (miliyoni 207 km) kwa malo kuchokera dzuwa, chifukwa chimene kuchuluka kwa ukubwera mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti dziko zimasiyanasiyana mu osiyanasiyana 20-30%.

mathamangidwe yozungulira avareji 24,13 Km / s. Atsala pang'ono kwathunthu lazungulira dzuwa kwa masiku lapadziko 686,98, lomwe kuposa nthawi ya padziko kawiri, ndipo tembenuzani olamulira yake ndi pafupi zofanana monga dziko (24 H 37 Mph). Ndingaliro kwa ecliptic wa ziwerengero osiyana anatsimikiza kuchokera 1,51 ° kwa 1,85 °, ndi ndingaliro kwa equator ya 1.093 °. Sun wachibale kwa equator ya Mars kanjira anapambutsa pa 5,65 ° (ndi Dziko Lapansi - za 7 °). Chochititsa chidwi ndingaliro mapulaneti equator kuti kanjira ndege (25,2 °) kumabweretsa kusintha zofunikira mu nyengo nyengo.

magawo thupi la dziko

Mars mwa mapulaneti a dongosolo dzuwa kukula ndi chiwiri ndi mtunda kuchokera Sun akuchita malo chachinayi. Planet buku ndi 1,638 × 1.011 makilomita kiyubiki, ndi kulemera kwa 0,105-0,108 lapansi misa (6.44 * 1023 kg), kuwapatsa iwo kachulukidwe ndi pafupifupi 30% (3.95 g / masentimita ^3). Mphamvu mathamangitsidwe pa equator ya Mars anatsimikiza osiyanasiyana 3.711 kuti 3.76 m / s². M'dera pamwamba Akuti pa 144 800 000 km². Atmospheric kuthamanga zimasiyanasiyana pakati 0.7-0.9 kPa. Liwiro ankafunika kuthana yokoka (danga wachiwiri) - 5072 m / s. Mu Chigawo cha kum'mwera kwa Mars pamwamba kuti avareji Km 3-4 kuposa kumpoto.

nyengo

Unyinji okwana Mars m'mlengalenga ndi za 2.5 × 1016 makilogalamu, koma mu chaka chomwe zosiyana kwambiri chifukwa limatsogolera kapena "kutanthauziridwa monga kuzizira" munali mpweya woipa kumalo ozizira zisoti. The zikutanthauza kuthamanga pa mlingo wa padziko (pafupifupi 6.1 mbar) Pafupifupi nthawi 160 poyerekeza pafupi padziko lathuli, koma mabeseni kwambiri ukufika 10 mbar. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuthamanga kusiyana nyengo kuyambira 4.0 10 mbar.

Pa 95.32% Mars mlengalenga imakhala carbon dioxide, za 4% kuchokera argon kachigawo ndi asafe ndi mpweya pamodzi ndi nthunzi ya madzi ndi zosakwana 0.2%.

Silnorazrezhennaya m'mlengalenga sangathe yaitali kusunga kutentha. Ngakhale "mtundu otentha", womwenso pakati zina dziko Mars, kutentha pamwamba akutsikira m'nyengo yozizira kuti -160 ° C pa mtengo ndi equator m'chilimwe, pamwamba angakhoze kokha ofunda + 30 ° C masana.

Nyengo nyengo, monga Padziko Lapansi, koma elongation wa mpita wa Mars kumabweretsa kusiyana zogwirika mu nthawi ndi kutentha zikhalidwe za nyengo. Kuli kasupe ndi m'chilimwe cha kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi mu kuika otsiriza a kwambiri kuposa theka chaka Martian (371 Mars. Per tsiku), ndi yozizira ku yophukira ndi waufupi ndi wofatsa. South otentha m'chilimwe ndi waufupi, ndi chisanu ndi kuzizira ndipo yaitali.

Nyengo kusintha kwa nyengo bwino kwambiri akuwonetseredwa mu khalidwe la zisoti kumalo ozizira zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo ayezi doped ndi chabwino, fumbi ngati miyala. Kutsogolo kwa kumpoto kapu kumalo ozizira ndiye amachotsedwa pa mtengo pafupifupi gawo limodzi la mtunda kuchokera equator ndi malire a kum'mwera kwa kapu abwera theka la mtunda izi.

Thermometer ili chimodzimodzi kuganizira kuwalitsa zakutali umalimbana Mars, dziko la pamwamba kutentha wakhala kale kumayambiriro 20 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Muyeso choyamba (mpaka 1924) anasonyeza makhalidwe a -13 kwa -28 ° C, ndipo mu 1976 m'munsi ndi chapamwamba malire kutentha akhala mwachindunji anafika pa Mars spacecraft "Viking".

Martian mikuntho fumbi

"Posonyeza" fumbi mikuntho, kukula zawo ndi khalidwe anathandiza kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi chinsinsi chimene akhala ankasunga Mars. Padziko lapansili mwachinsinsi amasintha mtundu kuyambira kale akulodza zimenezi. Chifukwa "hameleonstva" anali fumbi mikuntho.

kusintha mwadzidzidzi kutentha ndi dziko Red mwauchidakwa chifukwa mphepo chiwawa, zomwe kufulumizitsa 100 m / s, pamene otsika yokoka, ngakhale mpweya sparseness amalola mphepo kukweza misa lalikulu fumbi kutalika kuposa 10 Km.

Nucleation fumbi mikuntho kumathandiza kuwonjezeka kwambiri kuthamanga mumlengalenga chifukwa evaporation wa achisanu wa carbon dioxide yozizira zisoti kumalo ozizira.

Fumbi mikuntho amasonyeza zithunzi za padziko Mars, spatially zimangokhala zisoti kumalo ozizira ndi imachititsa yaikulu m'dera, kupitiriza masiku 100.

Wina kukopa kwa fumbi, zimene ziyenera Mars kusinthasintha nthenda kutentha ndi Anthufe tikuvutika, amene mosiyana "anzake" lapadziko amayendayenda osati m'madera m'chipululu, komanso ndinkakhala nalo pa otsetsereka a zimaphala mapiri zimaphala amadza, pozindikira kuti 8 Km. mayendedwe awo akusonyeza mkombero zojambula chimphona amene yaitali mwachinsinsi.

Fumbi mikuntho ndi Anthufe tikuvutika zimachitika makamaka pa mavuto aakulu pamene kum'mwera nkhani Chigawo yotentha nyengo ya Mars mwa mfundo pafupi ndi Sun, kanjira pulanetiyo (perihelion).

kuberekana pa Anthufe tikuvutika zithunzithunzi za padziko Mars anapanga ndi spacecraft Mars Global kuyeza, amene makina dziko kuyambira mu 1997.

Ena Anthufe tikuvutika kusiya kuda, ankatha kapena woyamwa mu lotayirira wosanjikiza pamwamba pa particles chabwino kwa nthaka, ena ngakhale kusiya "Fingerprints" ndipo ena ukali, kujambula kanjedza zosamvetsetseka, umene Mudawatcha fumbi ziwanda. Vortices ntchito, kawirikawiri okha komanso pa gulu "maganizo" musasiye.

mbali mpumulo

Mwina anthu amene onyamula telesikopu amphamvu, choyamba anayang'ana pa Mars, pamwamba dziko nthawi yomweyo anakumbutsa malo mwezi, ndi m'madera ambiri izi ndi zoona, koma geomorphology la Mars chosiyana ndi wapadera.

mpumulo Regional zimaonetsa dziko asymmetry chifukwa pamwamba pake. Ofala lathyathyathya pamwamba a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi pansipa salembedwa ziro mlingo 2-3 Km, ndi kum'mwera Chigawo kobvuta zimaphala, zigwa, maphompho, zigwa ndi zitunda padziko 3-4 Km pamwamba m'mene ziriri pano ndi. Zoni kusintha pakati pa hemispheres awiri m'lifupi 100-500 Km kwambiri Kulankhula morphologically linasokoneza chimphona phewa kutalika pafupifupi 2 Km, kuphimba pafupifupi 2/3 la circumference a dziko ndi kunachokera dongosolo vuto.

Kulamulira mitundu ya mpumulo, amakhala pamwamba pa Mars, akupereka zosiyanasiyana Genesis flecked zimaphala, m'maenje tokhala, ndondomeko mantha matendawa, zozungulira (multiring maiwe), ndi tokhala linearly elongated (zitunda) ndi zoumbika mosiyanasiyana matendawa, otsetsereka.

Ponseponse kulimbikitsa lathyathyathya-aposa m'mbali phompho (mesas), lalikulu zimaphala lathyathyathya (chishango mapiri) ndi malo otsetsereka linasokoneza, kumulowetsa chigwa ndi makhwawa ndi manja alimbane zomwe zili (chikweza) ndi dera mosintha alternating chigwa ngati chigwa (kulondola njira popanda kusochera).

Khalidwe la Mars ikulephera ndi maganizo ndi wachisokonezo ndi MAONEKEDWE ENIENI mpumulo, yaitali, kapangidwe zovuta siteji (kukha), mndandanda wa zitunda boma kufanana ndi grooves, komanso madambo lalikulu ndithu "padziko lapansi" maonekedwe.

Zozungulira Chigwa mabeseni ndi lalikulu (zoposa 15 Km awiri) zimaphala ndi kudziwa nyumba morphological ambiri a Chigawo cha kum'mwera.

Zigawo apamwamba a dziko ndi mayina a Tharsis ndi Elysium ali kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndipo ali yaikulu chiphala yachonde. Tharsis yachonde, moyang'anizana ndi malo opanda kumveka pafupifupi 6 Km, Ayala pamodzi longitude wa 4000 Km ndi 3000 akutambasula kuchokera mu kumpoto. Pa yachonde pali 4 chimphona kuphulika kutalika kwa 6.8 Km (Phiri Alba) kuti 21,2 Km (Olympia, 540 Km m'mimba mwake). Pamwamba pa mapiri (mapiri) Pavlin / Pavonis (Pavonis), Askriyskaya (Ascraeus) ndi Arsiya (Arsia) ndi pa okwera 14, 18 ndi 19 Km, motero. Phiri Alba amaima kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chiwerengero okhwima mapiri ena ndi chiphala gulu bolodi ndi kapangidwe ka 1500 Km awiri. Volcano Olympus (Olympus) - phiri lalitali osati pa Mars, koma mu dongosolo la zowalitsa.

Kummawa ndi kumadzulo kwa Tharsis pafupi awiri yotakata maganizo meridional. Mark padziko madambo kumadzulo ya Amazon ndi dzina pafupi mlingo ziro wa dzikoli, ndi malo otsika a kum'mawa maganizo (kumveka Chryse) m'munsimu mlingo ziro pa 2-3 Km.

M'dera kunyanja ya Mars oyenerera wachiwiri kukula chiphala Elysium yachonde pafupifupi 1500 kuchokera m'mimba mwake. Plateau jutting pamwamba m'munsi mwa 4-5 Km ndipo wanyamula mapiri atatu (makamaka Phiri Eliza Albor Tholus ndi phiri Hecate). Phiri lalitali Elysium ziwonjezeke kwa 14 Km.

Kum'mawa kwa malo okwera Tharsis m'dera kunyanja akutambasula ndi chachikulu lonse Mars (pafupifupi 5 km) riftoobraznaya dongosolo la zigwa (maphompho) Woyendetsa Chombo, ndi wautali kuposa yaikulu kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi Grand Canyon pafupifupi 10 nthawi ndi nthawi 7 onse mozama. M'lifupi zigwa pafupifupi 100 Km, ndi mbali pafupifupi ofukula za ledges awo kufika kutalika kwa 2 Km. nyumba liniya amasonyeza kuti akuchokera tectonic.

Mwa mapiri a Chigawo cha kum'mwera, kumene pamwamba pa Mars chabe chosaneneka zimaphala, ndi yaikulu pa zimakhudza dziko circularity maganizo ndi maina Argir (1500 km) ndi Hellas (makilomita 2,300).

Plain Ellada kuya matendawa, dziko (pafupifupi 7,000 mamita m'munsimu avareji) monga zigwa Argyre wachibale owonjezera kwa mlingo wa okwera ozungulira ndi 5.2 Km. Similar anamaliza lowland m'chigwa cha Isisi (1100 Km awiri), ili mu dera kunyanja ya Chigawo kum'mawa kwa dzikoli ndi kumpoto kwa pafupi kumveka kwa Elysium.

Mars amadziwika akadali 40 amenewa Mipikisano mphete mabeseni, koma kukula ang'onoang'ono.

The kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndi yaikulu pa dziko Plain (Kumpoto Plain), kumalire ndi dera kumalo ozizira. Zolembera ndi kumveka pansi pa ziro mlingo.

mitunda aeolian

Kungakhale kovuta mu mawu ochepa nalo padziko Lapansi, kunena dziko lonse, koma kwa kudziwa zimene padziko Mars, mungathe, ngati inu mungotifunsa ake moyo ndipo youma, pabuka-bulauni, miyala ndi mchenga chipululu, chifukwa kuligaŵa zimachititsa chilumbachi a dziko ndi flattened lotayirira alluvial madipoziti.

mitunda Aeolian wapangidwa mchenga ndi fumbi tonkoalevritovym chuma anapanga chifukwa cha ntchito mphepo, kuphimba pafupifupi dziko lonse. Izi ochiritsira (pa dziko) milu (yopingasa, kotenga ndi opendekera) kukula mamita mazana ochepa 10 Km, komanso laminates eolian-glacial madipoziti kumalo ozizira zisoti. chithandizo chapadera, "analenga Eolom", anapima kuti nyumba chatsekedwa - pa bottoms la maphompho lalikulu zimaphala.

ntchito Morphological mphepo, kudziŵa zinthu achilendo la Mars, akuwonetseredwa ndi tima kukokoloka (deflation), zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa khalidwe "lalembedwa" kali ma ndi nyumba liniya.

Magawo eolian-glacial mapangidwe apangidwe wothira mpweya ayezi chivundikirocho zisoti kumalo ozizira dzikoli. chawo Akuti pa mtunda pang'ono.

Geological makhalidwe a pamwamba

Malinga ndi chimodzi alipo malingaliro amakono kapangidwe dongosolo miyala ya Mars woyamba chachikulu mankhwala smelt mkati dziko laling'ono ngale wopangidwa makamaka a chitsulo, faifi tambala, ndi sulfure. Apo, kuzungulira phata anapanga homogeneous zikuchokera makulidwe a lithosphere ndi kutumphuka pafupifupi 1000 Km, zomwe zikuoneka, ndipo lero akupitirira ntchito chiphala padziko ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mbali zonse zatsopano kwa chiphalaphala lapansi. The makulidwe a kutumphuka Martian Akuti pa 50-100 Km.

Popeza anthu anayamba kuyang'ana yowala nyenyezi, asayansi, komanso anthu onse oyandikana ndi sanyalanyaza anthu chilengedwe, mwa zinsinsi zina, makamaka chidwi zimene padziko Mars.

Pafupifupi lonse dziko TACHIMATA wosanjikiza brownish chikasu zofiira fumbi kusakanizikana ndi tonkoalevritovogo ndi chuma mchenga. The Gawo ali lotayirira nthaka silicates ndi kusakanizikana lalikulu oxides ayironi amene amathandiza pamwamba ndi kulocha utoto.

Malinga ndi maphunziro ambiri ikuchitika ndi spacecraft, ndi Phokoso la zikuchokera elemental wa unconsolidated wosanjikiza chitayiko pamwamba pa dziko si kwakukulu kwambiri monga apereke zosiyanasiyana mchere zikuchokera miyala kuti apange kutumphuka Martian.

Anaika mu nthaka pafupifupi pakachitsulo zili (21%), chitsulo (12.7%), magnesium (5%), calcium (4%), aluminiyamu (3%), sulfure (3.1%), ndipo potaziyamu ndi chlorine (<1%) anasonyeza kuti padziko m'munsi mwa m'dambo unconsolidated zimapanga mankhwala chiwonongeko ndi miyala chiphala cha igneous zikuchokera zofunika pafupi basalt nthaka. Poyamba, asayansi amakayikira zosiyanasiyana yokulirapo ya mwala chigoba cha dziko mu mchere awo zikuchokera Koma ikuchitika mu chimango cha Mars Exploration Rover (USA) maziko olimba a kafukufuku Mars kwachititsa anapeza zokopa wa analogues lapadziko wa andesites (pafupifupi zikuchokera miyala).

kafukufukuyu, kenako zikutsimikiziridwa ndi anapezazo ofanana Mitundu ambiri popereka adaweruza kuti Mars, ngati kutumphuka lapansili kuti kusiyanitsidwa, umboni ndi zili zofunika kwambiri za zotayidwa, pakachitsulo ndi potaziyamu.

Kuchokera pa nambala yaikulu zithunzi anatengedwa ndi spacecraft adzakhala ganizilani zimene zimapanga padziko Mars, mwa miyala igneous ndi chiphala, dziko pamaso zoonekeratu volcanosedimentary miyala ndi m'dambo kuti akuzindikiridwa ndi platy khalidwe mosiyana ndi lamination exposures zidutswa.

Chikhalidwe cha stratification wa miyala angasonyeze mapangidwe awo m'nyanja ndi m'mitsinje. Madera a chitayiko opezeka m'madera ambiri a dziko, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka zimaphala lalikulu.

Asayansi sagwirizana kukusalani ndi "wouma" sludge mapangidwe fumbi Martian ndi lithification chawo kutali (petrifaction).

chisanu mapangidwe

A malo apadera mu Martian padziko kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe kutenga chisanu mapangidwe, ambiri amene anaonekera pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana mbiri miyala ya dziko chifukwa cha kayendedwe tectonic ndiponso zochita za zinthu exogenous.

Pamaziko a zambiri zithunzi Kanema, asayansi, linagwirizana kuti mapangidwe maonekedwe a Mars, pamodzi ndi chiphala ntchito mbali yofunika limabweretsa madzi. kuphulitsa mapiri zinachititsa kuti limatsogolera ayezi, amene nawonso, ndi chitukuko cha kukokoloka madzi, kuda lomwe masiku ano.

chakuti Madzi oundana pa Mars anapanga pa magawo oyambirira m'mbiri miyala ya dzikoli, malinga ndi zisoti osati kumalo ozizira ayezi, komanso njira yeniyeni mpumulo, ofanana ndi malo mu zigawo Madzi oundana Padziko Lapansi.

Swirls, maphunziro, zomwe ndi kuyang'ana pa zithunzi Kanema magawo madipoziti mu zigawo kumalo ozizira a dzikoli, kufupi ndi dongosolo la masitepe, ledges ndi matendawa, n'kupanga zosiyanasiyana.

Madipoziti kumalo ozizira zisoti mphamvu ya zigawo makilomita angapo zigwirizana wa carbon dioxide ndi madzi oundana, wothira matope ndi zithunzi tonkoalevritovym.

Ndi cryogenic wovulala ndondomeko mindandanda zogwirizana provalno-sagging landforms khalidwe la zone kunyanja ya Mars.

Madzi Mars

M'madera ambiri padziko Mars, madzi kulibe mu chikhalidwe madzi chifukwa mochedwerako, koma m'madera ena okwana m'dera pafupifupi 30% ya malo a dziko NASA akatswiri kuloleza madzi.

Molondola unakhazikitsidwa mu nkhokwe panopa madzi pa Mars ali makamaka anaikira mu wosanjikiza pamwamba pa madzi oundana koma (cryosphere) ndi mphamvu kwa mazana ambiri mamita.

Asayansi sagwirizana kukusalani kuli relict nyanja ya madzi ndi pansi zigawo za zisoti kumalo ozizira. Yachokera pa buku masamu cryolithosphere katundu Mars madzi (ayezi) Akuti pa makilomita kiyubiki miliyoni 77, ndipo ngati tikambirana ayenera buku la miyala thawed, chithunzi ichi akhoza kusanduka makilomita kiyubiki miliyoni 54.

Komanso, amakhulupirira kuti pansi cryolithosphere akhale malo kwa nkhokwe yaikulu ya madzi amchere.

A zambiri umboni zikusonyeza kukhalapo kwa madzi padziko lathuli m'mbuyomu. The mboni waukulu ndi mchere, mapangidwe imene imakhudza nawo madzi. Izi makamaka hematite, mchere dongo ndipo sulfates.

mitambo Martian

Kuchuluka okwana madzi mu mlengalenga, "desiccated" dziko oposa 100 miliyoni nthawi kakang'ono kuposa mu dziko, koma padziko Mars aphimbidwa ndi tiyeni osowa inconspicuous, koma ngakhale mitambo izi bluish Komabe, zigwirizana ayezi fumbi. Chipale aumbike mwa osiyanasiyana pamwamba 10 100 Km ndipo tikukamba makamaka pa lamba kunyanja, kawirikawiri kukwera pamwamba 30 Km.

Ice chifunga ndi mitambo wamba ndi pafupi ndi zisoti kumalo ozizira m'nyengo yozizira (mdima kumalo ozizira), koma apa iwo "kumira" m'munsimu 10 Km.

Mitambo akhoza akuda mu wotumbululuka pinki mtundu pamene particles ayezi ali osokonezeka ndi fumbi anaukitsidwa kwa pamwamba.

Wolembedwa mitambo mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo wavy, milozo ndi nthenga.

Martian malo ku kutalika kukula anthu

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuwona, Izo zikuwoneka ngati pamwamba pa Mars ndi msinkhu wa munthu wamtali (2.1 m) analola zida kamera "dzanja" mbala chidwi mu 2012. Pamaso anadabwa wa loboti anaonekera "mchenga", gravelly, gravelly mbalambanda, lili ndi timiyala ang'ono, ndi outcrops zina yosalala, mwina zamakolo, miyala chiphala.

Kuzimiririka ndipo wonyong'onya chitsanzo mbali imodzi enlivened mapiri lokwera m'mphepete mwa Chigwa aakulu, ndi pa zina - pologosklonnaya hulk mwa phiri la akuthwa 5.5 Km mkulu, amene ali chinthu kusaka spacecraft.

Lembaninso njira pansi pa Chigwa cha analemba polojekiti, zikuoneka sanadziwe kuti padziko Mars, anatengedwa mbala Chidwi, adzakhala osiyanasiyana ndi sakanikira, mosiyana ndi kuyembekezera kuona yekha kuzimiririka ndipo wonyong'onya chipululu.

Ulendo wopita ku phiri Sharpe loboti anafunika kuthana zikukhudza, platy planar pamalo mumbali analowa otsetsereka volcanosedimentary (kuweruza ndi kapangidwe magawo pa tchipisi) miyala, ndi blocky ndisungunuka mdima bluish volcanites thumba pamwamba.

chipangizo mu njira ya zipolopolo "yopezeka pa pamwamba" mipherezero (Cobbles) nyemba laser ndi mokhomerera dzenje ang'onoang'ono (mpaka 7 cm) phunziro la zikuchokera zinthu zitsanzo za. Analysis wa nkhaniyi, kuwonjezera pa nkhani ya zinthu matanthwe kupanga khalidwe la miyala zofunika (basalt), anasonyeza pamaso pa mankhwala sulfure, asafe, mpweya, chlorine, methane, hydrogen ndi phosphorous, kuti "zigawo amoyo" n'chiyani.

Komanso, mchere dongo anapanga pamaso pa madzi ndi phindu ndale acid ndi ndende ka salt anapezeka.

Yachokera pa kafukufuku izi pamodzi ndi mfundo kale analandira asayansi wopindidwa anapeza kuti mabiliyoni zaka zapitazo padziko Mars anali madzi ndi osalimba a m'mlengalenga ndi apamwamba kwambiri panopa.

Nthanda ya Mars

Popeza May 2003, dziko orbited chithunzi buluu kachigawo Earth, zopangidwa ndi Mars Global yoyeza spacecraft kuti kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira ndi Red Planet mu mtunda miliyoni 139 Km ndi ambiri, zikuoneka kuti ndicho chimodzimodzi chimene Earth zikuwoneka ngati padziko Mars.

Koma kwenikweni, dziko wathu amaona kuchokera kumeneko mmene tikuona Venus m'mawa ndi madzulo maola okha younikira brownish wakuda Martian thambo yekha (osati kuwerenga pang'ono kuonekera mwezi), mfundo zazing'ono pang'ono wowala kuposa Venus.

Chithunzi choyamba a Dziko Lapansi kuchokera pamwamba zinachitikadi mu maola oyambirira pa bolodi Mzimu mbala mu March 2004, monga spacecraft Chidwi Lapansi "pa dzanja la Moon" anafunsa mu 2012 ndipo kunapezeka kwambiri "wokongola" kuposa nthawi yoyamba.