Mayendedwe malamulo a anthu pansi Choonadi Russian. General maonekedwe a Choonadi Russian ndi kufunika kwake m'mbiri ya malamulo Russian

Russian Choonadi anali m'chigawo choyamba cha malamulo Ancient Lazaro. Nkhani yoyamba anaonekera mu ulamuliro wa Kalonga wa Kiev Yaroslava Mudrogo mu theka zoyambirira za m'ma XI. Iye anali Mlengi wa Russian Pravda. Zosonkhanitsira kunali kofunika kukonza moyo mu dziko kumene komabe adzaweruzidwa ndi kuthetsedwa mikangano miyambo osalembedwa. Onsewo zikugwirizananso ndi masamba a chopereka mapepala.

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za Choonadi Russian limanena kuti ikuti ndondomeko naye chikhalidwe, malamulo ndi zachuma. Komanso, zosonkhanitsira muli mitundu yambiri ya malamulo miyezo (cholowa, chigawenga, procedural ndi malonda).

prerequisites

Cholinga chachikulu chimene chinaikidwa Yaroslav Mudry kuti zopereka - ndi kudziwa za malamulo a anthu pansi Choonadi Russian. Zikamera malamulo codified sizachilendo kwa magulu onse akale European. Mofanana anali mu mkhalidwe Wachifulanki "chilamulo Salic". lamulo mabuku awo anaonekera ngakhale woipitsitsawu limati kumpoto ndi British Isles. Kusiyana kokha kwagona kuti kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, zikalata izi zinalengedwa zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo (kuyambira VI m'ma). Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi chakuti Russia inatulutsidwa mochedwa ang'onoang'ono limati Katolika. Choncho, chilengedwe cha malamulo malamulo mu Asilavo kum'mawa zinachitika zaka zingapo.

Creation Choonadi Russian

Ancient choonadi kapena choonadi Yaroslav, anaonekera mu 1016, pamene potsiriza unakhazikitsidwa Kiev. Komabe, chikalata ichi ankaufulula osati kum'mwera kwa likulu, ndi Novgorod chifukwa ndi kumene Prince anayamba ulamuliro wake. Mu kalata iyi imakhala ndi nkhani makamaka zosiyanasiyana chigawenga. Koma ali ndi mndandanda wa nkhani 18 adayamba kulengedwa kwa Russian Pravda.

Gawo lachiwiri la bukhu lofalitsidwa zaka zingapo. Iye ankatchedwa Choonadi Yaroslav (ana a Grand Duke) ndipo anakweza ubale malamulo pakati pa anthu a boma. Mu 30s panali nkhani kudyetsa virnikov. zidutswa zimenezi zili mu buku lalifupi.

Komabe, zosonkhanitsira anali wodzilemekeza ndiponso atafa Yaroslav. Creation Choonadi Russian anapitiriza ndi mdzukulu wake Vladimir Monomakh, amene anatha mwachidule likhale logwirizana fiefdoms (kuyandikira nthawi ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono) ndi kumaliza hayala ake. Iye adalowa yaitali mkonzi Choonadi. Yaikulu younikanso anakhudzidwa mikangano zokhudza ufulu chuma. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti mu Russia kulimbikitsa malonda ndi ubwenzi ndalama.

makope alipo

Amadziwika kuti Yehova waliteteza makope choyambirira cha Russian Pravda. historiography zoweta anapeza magazini ina pamene iwo anapeza ndi kuphunzira Vasily Tatishchev. The buku loyambirira la mndandanda amati adzaikidwa mu Choyamba Novgorod Chronicle XI atumwi. Inasanduka amawatenga kuti ofufuza.

Kenako, magazini ndi mndandanda analengedwa mpaka m'zaka XV apezeka. Makombo a iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito Kormchaia zosiyanasiyana. Russian woona unasiya kukhala zogwirizana linanena bungwe Sudebnik Ivan III kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XV.

malamulo a boma

munthu udindo upandu mwatsatanetsatane zimaonekera tsamba limene lili Russian Pravda. Nkhani kukonza kusiyana upandu mwadala ndipo mwangozi. Komanso unayambira ku kuwonongeka ofooka ndiponso zolemera. Pakuti muyeso izi chisankho digiri zimene chilango wolakwayo adzakhala alamulidwa.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Asilavo ali ochita vendetta, izo akulankhula za Russian Pravda. Nkhani walitenga kuti munthu ali ndi ufulu kulanga wakupha wa atate, m'bale, mwana wake, ndi zina zotero. D. Ngati wachibale sanachite zimenezi, boma waneneratu mphoto 40 hryvnia mutu chigawenga. Awa anali kumatikumbutsabe ulamuliro wa lakale limene lilipo kwa zaka zambiri. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti Russia kale anabatizidwa, koma kulibe zotsala za kukhetsa mwazi nyengo zachikunja.

mitundu ya zilango

malamulo a boma mulinso ndalama. The Asilavo, anaitanidwa viroy. ndalama anadza kwa Russia kuchokera ufulu Denmark. Iwo ankanena kenako kwathunthu m'malo vendetta ngati muyeso wa chilango cha upandu. Iwo chimaonekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, malingana ndi otchuka wa munthu ndi kukula kwa vutolo. Russian analogue a Vira anali magazi ndalama. Zinali chilango ndalama, zotchulidwa mu lamulo Ancient Germany mafuko a Germany.

Pansi Yaroslav viroy otchedwa chilango okha kupha la munthu amene anali mfulu (kuti si kapolo). Pakuti osauka ndi abwino 40 hryvnia. Ngati wovulalayo ndi munthu, amene anali mu utumiki wa kalonga, chilango ndi kawiri.

Ngati mfulu chifukwa chaukali choipa kapena mkazi anaphedwa, wopalamulayo alipire poluvire. Ndiko kuti, mtengo waponya ndi theka - 20 hryvnia. milandu zochepa kwambiri, monga kuba, chilango chake chabwino laling'ono, limene anatsimikiza payekha mwa bwalo.

Golovnichestvo, Agwidwa

Ndiye mu Russian zigawenga lamulo tanthauzo anaonekera golovnichestva. Zinali dipo kuti wakupha anali kupereka banja la womwalirayo. Kukula anatsimikiza ndi udindo wa munthu wovulalayo. Motero, zina kapolo wabwino banja anali 5 hryvnia.

Agwidwa - mtundu wina chilango, chimene anayambitsa Russian choonadi. Lamanja la boma ku chilango cha athamangitsidwe chigawenga lowonjezera watilakwira ndi kulandidwa katundu. Komanso akhoza kutumiza kapolo. Pankhaniyi, katundu wake anali anagonjetsa (choncho dzina). chilango zosiyanasiyana malingana ndi msinkhu. Ndi zofunkha kutumikiridwa mlandu wa kuba kapena anachita kuwotcha dala. Iye akhapidziwa kuti anali milandu yoopsa kwambiri.

kapangidwe Social

Society anali m'magulu angapo. Mayendedwe malamulo a anthu pansi Choonadi Russian amadalira kotheratu wake chuma chawo. The stratum apamwamba ankaona kudziwa. Zinali Prince ndi retainers wake akuluakulu (boyars). Poyamba, iwo anali katswiri asilikali amene akutenga mphamvu. Kuti dzina kalonga magwiridwe bwalo. Komanso anali zilango onse chifukwa cha milandu. Atumiki a akalonga ndi boyars (Tiunov ndi ognischane) analinso ndi udindo waukulu pakati pa anthu.

Mu sitepe yotsatira kwa anthu aufulu anali. The Russian Pravda anali akuti wapadera kwa udindo uwu. Ndi chofanana mawu "mwamuna". Kuti anthu ufulu ndi vigilantes wamng'ono, okhometsa ya ndalama, komanso okhala m'dziko Novgorod.

Boma yozungulira wa anthu

Zoipitsitsa ndi udindo malamulo a anthu pansi Choonadi Russian anthu yozungulira. Iwo anali m'magulu angapo. Smerdy anali yozungulira wamba (koma ndi ziwembu zawo), kugwira ntchito mu Boyar. akapolo moyo wonse ankatchedwa akapolo. Iwo analibe chuma.

Ngati munthu anatenga ngongole ndipo analibe nthawi kulipira, iye anali mu mwapadera ukapolo. Iwo ankatchedwa kugula. kudalira amenewa amakhala chuma cha wobwereka bola ngati izo analipira ngongole yake.

malo Russian akunena zoona, ndipo pa pangano monga angapo. Anali mutu wa mgwirizano umene anthu yozungulira mwaufulu anapita kukatumikira Ambuye. Iwo ankatchedwa ryadovichami.

Magulu onsewa nzika anali pansi kwambiri kwa wapamwamba. Amenewa alili malamulo a anthu mu Russian Choonadi pafupifupi devalues moyo, wodalira m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu. Zilango anapha anthu amenewa anali kochepa.

Pomaliza tinganene kuti anthu mu Russia unali wosiyana kwambiri ndi chitsanzo tingachipeze powerenga ang'onoang'ono kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. M'mayiko Catholic m'zaka XI ndi udindo waukulu kale wotanganidwa ndi nzika lalikulu, amene kawirikawiri ngakhale khutu ku ulamuliro chapakati. Mu Russia izo zinali zosiyana. Kunsonga ya Asilavo anali kumuwombera Prince, yemwe anali kulankhula kwa chuma kwambiri ndi ofunika kwambiri. udindo malamulo a anthu pansi Choonadi Russian zimawachititsa anthu amphamvu kwambiri boma. Pa nthawi yomweyo, gulu la a mumzinda waukulu analibe nthawi kupanga.

lamulo payekha

Mwazina, Russian Pravda Yaroslava m'gulu nkhani malamulo payekha. Mwachitsanzo, iwo mwachindunji ufulu ndi udindo wa kalasi wamalonda amene anali injini ya malonda ndi chuma.

Malonda akhoza kuchita katapira, ndiko pyonsene. Chilango pa iwo komanso analipira mu mawonekedwe a tsintho, monga chakudya ndi mankhwala. Katapira mwachangu chinkhoswe Ayuda. M'zaka za m'ma XII, izi zinachititsa kuti kubuka zambiri za wotsutsa-Semitism ndi pogroms. Amadziwika kuti pamene, mu 1113, Vladimir Monomakh anabwera kulamulira Kiev, choyamba anayesetsa kuthetsa nkhani ya ngongole Ayuda.

choonadi Russian, mbiri ya womwenso angapo Mabaibulo, nawonso amakhudza nkhani cholowa. Hayala analola anthu ufulu kulandira mwa chifuniro pepala.

khoti

Full mapangidwe Choonadi Russian sangakhoze kuphonya nkhani zokhudza chilamulo procedural. milandu yafotokozedwa bwalo kalonga. Iye amaperekera lomwe nthumwi za akuluakulu a. Nthawi zina, anadza nkhondoyi pamene mbali ziwiri za Tete-a-Tete kutsimikizira wosalakwa. Komanso wakhala zotchulidwa kuti chilango kumasuka ku wokongolayo.

Munthu akhoza kupita kukhoti ngati n'kutaya chinthu. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi amalonda anadwala kuba. Ngati mwa masiku atatu ndi imfa anakhoza kupeza munthu amene anapereka izo, iye anakhala wozengedwa kukhoti. Iye anali kulungamitsa ndi kupereka umboni wa wosachimwa. Apo ayi, kupereka chindapusa.

Umboni m'khoti

mboni akhoza kupezeka mu khoti. umboni wawo ankatchedwa acquis. Mawu omwewo kuti ndondomeko kufufuza akusowa. Ngati zinachititsa Kuthi kunja kwa mzinda kapena dera, wakubayo anavomereza akuganiza lomaliza. Iye anali ndi ufulu zifukwa dzina lawo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye akhoza kugwira akonzedwa ndi kupeza munthu amene anachita kuba. Ngati iye sanali bwino, ndi superimposed pa izo chabwino.

Mboni anali ogaŵikana mitundu iwiri. Vidocq - anthu amene aona ndi maso awo ndi mlandu waukulu (kupha, kuba, etc ...). Posluhi - mboni mu umboni wake, inanena mbiri yopanda umboni.

Ngati mulibe kutsindikiza iliyonse umboni thupi la mlandu, ndiye anadza ku muyeso lomaliza. Ichi chinali lumbiro ndi nampsopsonetsa mtanda, pamene munthu anapereka umboni wake kukhoti, osati mphamvu kalonga, komanso kwa Mulungu.

Komanso ntchito mayeso madzi. Zinali mawonekedwe a chiweruzo cha Mulungu pamene umboni kuti aone choonadi dostavaniem mphete ku madzi otentha. Ngati wotsutsana sakanakhoza kuchita izo, iye anali wolakwa. Mu Ulaya, mwambo umenewu umatchedwa mavutowo. Anthu ankaganiza kuti Mulungu asawononge munthu usilikali.