Mitundu ya microscopes: kulongosola mikhalidwe yaikulu utumiki. The elekitironi maso ndi osiyana ndi kuunika?

Mawu akuti "maso" ali mizu Greek. Amakhala ndi mawu awiri amene amatanthauza "zazing'ono" "tione." Udindo waukulu maso ali pa ntchito yake pamene kuganizira zinthu ochepa. Komanso chipangizo izi zimathandiza kudziwa kukula ndi mawonekedwe a, kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe ena maso wamaliseche, Tel.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

zoona zokhudza amene ali anayambitsa maso, osati mbiri. Malinga ndi ena deta, kuti inamangidwa mu 1590, bambo ndi mwana Janssen, ambuye mfundo kupanga. Wina Woyesana mutu wa zatsopano za maso - Galileo Galilei. Mu 1609, asayansi awa unaperekedwa kwa chida ndi magalasi concave ndi otukukira kunja poyera mu Accademia DEI Lincei.

Kwa zaka dongosolo la kulingalira zinthu zing'onozing'ono kukulitsa bwino. Chinthu chachikulu mu mbiri yake inali anatulukira makina achromatic doublet losavuta kusintha chipangizo. Ine anayambitsa dongosolo wa ku Netherlands Kristian Gyuygens mu mochedwa 1600s. Eyepieces wa inventor ndi kupanga lero. drawback awo ndi kupanda kupingasa ya munda wa view. Komanso, poyerekeza ndi zida zipangizo zamakono Huygens eyepieces ndi malo kovuta kuti maso.

chopereka Special mbiri ya maso anapanga Mlengi zipangizo zimenezi, Anton galimoto Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 gg.). Zinali iye ogwira chidwi cha akatswiri kuti wagawo izi. Leeuwenhoek ankapanga mankhwala ting'onoting'ono, okonzeka ndi mandala osakwatiwa, koma amphamvu kwambiri. Ntchito zipangizo ngati wakhala wovuta, koma sikuti kawiri zopindika chithunzi amene anali mu maso pawiri. Kuthetsa vuto limeneli, ndi woyamba anatha zaka 150 zokha ina. Pamodzi ndi kukula bwino kuwala khalidwe chifaniziro cha zipangizo gulu.

Kuwonjezera microscopes ulipobe. Choncho, mu 2006 asayansi German ntchito pa Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Mariano Bossi ndi Stefan Hella atsopano maso kuwala anayamba kupanga. Chifukwa cha luso kuona zinthu ndi miyeso ya 10 nm ndi apamwamba atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena 3D-fano chipangizo otchedwa nanoscopy.

Gawo microscopes

Panopa, pali zipangizo lakonzedwa kuti akonze ang'ono-waukulu zinthu. grouping awo amachitidwa zochokera magawo osiyanasiyana. Izi zikhoza kukhala poika maso kapena anavomereza za kuyatsa, kapangidwe ntchito yoyang'anira dera kuwala ndi zina zotero. D.

Koma monga ulamuliro, ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya microscopes anawagawira ndi kukula kwa microparticles chilolezo, amene Tingaone mothandizidwa ndi dongosolo. Malinga ndi mugawo ili, microscopes ndi:
- kuwala (kuunika);
- pakompyuta;
- X-ray;
- kupanga sikani kafukufuku.

Mtundu Ambiri ntchito ya microscopes kuwala. Kusankha awo wolemera kupezeka m'masitolo kuwala. Mothandizidwa ndi zipangizozi zochimwazo kumathetsa ntchito yaikulu ya kuphunzira chinthu. Zina zonse microscopes monga apadera. ntchito zawo anapangidwa, monga ulamuliro, zasayansi.

Aliyense wa mitundu ya zipangizo ali subspecies ake, amene ntchito mu dera. Komanso, lero pali mwayi kugula sukulu maso (kapena maphunziro), lomwe ndi dongosolo kulowa-mlingo. Zokopa ogula ndi zipangizo akatswiri.

ntchito

N'chifukwa chiyani muyenera maso? Diso la munthu, kukhala wapadera kuwala dongosolo la mtundu kwachilengedwenso ali enaake chigamulochi. M'mawu ena, pali mtunda osachepera pakati pa zinthu anaona pamene iwo akhoza kudziwa. Kwa diso yachibadwa chotero chilolezo mkati 0,176 mm. Koma kukula kwa kwambiri zomera ndi nyama maselo, tizilombo, Krustalo microstructure kasakaniza wazitsulo, zitsulo ndi m. P. Zambiri zosakwana mtengo uwu. Nanga kuphunzira ndi kuona zinthu zimenezi? Apa kuthandiza anthu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya microscopes. Mwachitsanzo, zipangizo mtundu kuwala kulola kusiyanitsa dongosolo, pamene mtunda pakati pa zinthu ndi osachepera 0,20 microns.

Kodi maso?

Chipangizo imene maso athu amakhala Kupenda zilipo zinthu zing'onozing'ono, lili zinthu ziwiri zazikulu. Iwo disolo ndi eyepiece. Data anakonza gawo makina a maikulosikopu chubu, limene lili m'munsi zitsulo. Zimapezeka ndi siteji.

Mitundu ya makono ya microscopes zambiri zili ndi dongosolo kuyatsa. Izi, makamaka, ndi condenser nacho Iris. Lamulo wathunthu ya kubukitsa zipangizo ndi yaying'ono ndi makrovinty, zimene kusintha sharpness lapansi. Kamangidwe ka maso zilipo ndi kupezeka kwa dongosolo kulamulira udindo wa condenser lapansi.

Mu apadera, microscopes chipangizo zambiri Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi machitidwe ena zina ndi zipangizo.

magalasi

Yambani ikulongosola za maso akufuna ndi nkhani imodzi mwa mbali yake yaikulu mwachitsanzo, disolo. Iwo ndi zovuta dongosolo kuwala, kumaonjezera kukula kwa nkhani mu chifanizo ndege. mandala kapangidwe yophatikiza dongosolo lonse, limodzi osati kokha, komanso akapolo ndi zidutswa ziwiri kapena zitatu kwa magalasi.

Kuvuta zoterozo pulani opto-makina zimadalira zosiyanasiyana ntchito zimene ayenera kutsimikiza kwa chipangizo ena. Mwachitsanzo, iwo envisaged kwa magalasi khumi mu maso pawiri.

Disolo ndi mbali ya gawo mazunzo ndi, wotsatira kwa dongosolo lake. ndi maziko kumanga khalidwe ankafunila image, komanso udindo ntchito chiyani? Izi mandala kutsogolo kapena dongosolo. Tsatirani mandala anafunika kupereka magnification anakhumba, Utali ndi fano khalidwe. Komabe, kukhazikitsa ntchito izi zimapezeka kokha molumikizana ndi mandala kutsogolo. Izo ziyenera kuti kamangidwe ka zotsatira wotsatira kutalika kwa chubu ndi kutalika kwa unit mandala.

eyepieces

Chikuimira gawo la maso dongosolo kuwala n'cholinga choti ithandize kufunika zithunzi tosaoneka pa diso la akuona diso pamwamba. magulu awiri mandala ndinu gawo la eyepiece lapansi. Pafupi ndi diso ananena kuti diso wapolisiyo, ndi kutali - munda (mothandizidwa ndi mandala anzathu chifaniziro cha chinthu anaphunzira).

dongosolo kuyatsa

The maso amapereka kumanga zovuta za diaphragms, kalirole ndi magalasi. Ndi madziwa yunifolomu chiwalitsiro cha chinthu pansi kuphunzira. Mu microscopes yoyamba, nchito imeneyi zinachitikadi zachilengedwe kuwala kochokera. Monga patsogolo zipangizo kuwala akhala ntchito poyamba mosabisa, kenako concave galasi.

Mothandizidwa ngati mfundo yosavuta kunyezimira kwa dzuwa kapena nyali walangizidwa chinthu kuphunzira. Mu masiku ano dongosolo microscopes kuyatsa changwiro choposa. Amakhala ndi condenser ndi wokhometsa.

siteji

Kukonzekera tosaoneka amene amafuna kuphunzira, anayikidwa pa lathyathyathya pamwamba. Izi siteji. zosiyanasiyanazo microscopes akhonza kupatsidwa pamwamba anamanga kotero kuti chinthu phunziro adzakhala zimayenda mu munda wa view cha woyang'anira za horizontally, vertically kapena njira zina.

Mfundo ntchito

M'nthawi ya kuwala chipangizo dongosolo mandala anapereka n'zosiyana chifanizo cha zinthu zing'onozing'ono. Izi zinatithandiza kuona kapangidwe ka nkhani ndi mfundo zazing'ono, zomwe adamangidwa phunzirolo. Mfundo ntchito kwa maso kuwala lero ndi ofanana ntchito imene amanyamula zakutali refractory. Mu chipangizo izi, kuwala ndi refracted podutsa gawo galasi.

Kodi angathe kuonjezera patsogolo kuwala microscopes? Utatha mtanda wa kuwala kuwala chipangizo chamagetsi kusandulika awo mu mtsinje yomweyi. Pakumala ndi refraction kwa kuwala eyepiece, ndipo potero kumaonjezera chifanizo cha zinthu zing'onozing'ono. Komanso, mfundo izi zikupita kumanja kwa Kulingalira mu mawonekedwe a chowunikira zithunzi.

Subspecies wa microscopes kuwala

Modern zida kuwala anawagawira:

1. Malinga ndi kafukufuku Kuvuta kalasi, ntchito ndi sukulu maso.
2. Mu ntchito ku opaleshoni, kwachilengedwenso ndi luso.
3. Ndi mitundu wamamamayikirosikopu zimaonekera ndi opatsirana-kuwala zipangizo, gawo kukhudzana, ndi kugawanika fulorosenti.
4. malangizo a kamwazi kuwala pa Imatithandiza ndi mwachindunji.

elekitironi microscopes

M'kupita kwa nthawi, chipangizo kufufuza zinthu tosaoneka ndi kukhala chipangizo kwambiri. Pali kotereku microscopes, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito zosiyana popanda mfundo opaleshoni ya refraction kuwala. Mu ntchito mitundu atsopano nawo zamakono. madongosolo otero n'zotheka kuti kuona mbali ochepa kwambiri zinthu zimene iwo mophweka ikuyenda padziko cheza kuwala.

N'chifukwa chiyani muyenera maso mtundu pakompyuta? Ndi, kuliphunzira kapangidwe maselo maselo ndi milingo subcellular. Komanso, makina onga ntchito kuphunzira mavairasi.

The microscopes chipangizo elekitironi

Kodi lili maziko a zipangizo zatsopano kufufuza zinthu zing'onozing'ono? The elekitironi maso ndi osiyana ndi kuunika? Kodi pali aliyense mwa iwo kufanana kwina kulikonse?

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya elekitironi maso zachokera katundu amene ali ndi madera magetsi ndi maginito. chosokonekera awo rotational amatha kupereka zotsatira moyang'ana matabwa elekitironi. Pa mfundo imeneyi, n'zotheka muyankhe funso ili: "The elekitironi maso ndi osiyana ndi kuunika?" Mu izi, mosiyana ndi chipangizo kuwala, palibe mandala. ntchito yawo bwino cholinga mphamvu ya maginito ndi magetsi. Iwo analengedwa windings wa coils kudzera amene panopa umayenda. Komanso, minda awa kumachita ngati converging mandala. Ndi kuwonjezeka kapena mwayamba kufooka panopa mphamvu wagawo chimasintha mtunda focal.

Koma lingaliro, ndiye elekitironi maso ndi ofanana chiwembu cha unit kuwala. kusiyana lagona kokha zinthu kuwala m'malo mwa monga magetsi.

Kuwonjezeka elekitironi microscopes chinthu kumachitika chifukwa refraction wa mtengo ndondomeko kuwala, kudutsa chinthu pansi kuphunzira. Pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana ray kulowa cholinga mandala ndege, ndi momwe pali magnification loyamba la chitsanzo. Komanso ma elekitironi pochitika njira disolo wapakatikati. Chingasinthe bwino kuwonjezera kukula kwa chinthu. Chithunzi chomaliza cha chuma amapereka ziyerekezo mandala. Fano lake imagwera pa zenera fulorosenti.

Mitundu ya microscopes elekitironi

Mitundu ya makono ya kubukitsa zipangizo monga:

1. TEM kapena kufala elekitironi maso. Mu zida izi fano la woonda kwambiri, mpaka 0.1 microns wandiweyani, aumbike wa chinthu ku mogwirizana wa elekitironi mtengo kwa chandamale mankhwala ndi kuwonjezeka wotsatira mu magalasi ake maginito ili mu disolo.
2. SEM, kapena kupanga sikani elekitironi maso. chipangizo Zimenezi zimathandiza kupeza chifaniziro cha chinthu pamwamba ndi kusamvana mkulu pa dongosolo la nanometers angapo. Ntchito njira zimenezi zina za m'kati zotuluka mudziwe kuti kudziwa mipweya zigawo pamwamba.
3. Njira chindodo elekitironi maso, kapena STM. Ndi chida ichi, kuyeza mpumulo wa pamalo conductive ndi mkulu okhudza malo kusamvana. Mu kugwira ntchito, STM ndi singano lakuthwa zitsulo umaperekedwa kwa chinthu pansi kuphunzira. Pa nthawi yomweyo kukhala mtunda wa angstroms ochepa. Kenako, singano m'mawa mphamvu ang'ono, pali tunneling panopa. Pankhaniyi, akuona amalandira fano atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena za chinthu pansi kuphunzira.

Microscopes "Leeuwenhoek"

Mu 2002, America, kampani latsopano wodzipereka kwa yopanga zipangizo kuwala. The assortment mndandanda wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi microscopes, telesikopu ndi zoyang'anira. zipangizo zonsezi mafano apamwamba.

Mutu ofesi ndi chitukuko dipatimenti ya kampani zili mu USA, mu Frimonde (California). Koma ngati mphamvu yopanga, ali China. Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti kampani amapereka msika ndi katundu patsogolo ndi apamwamba pa mtengo angagulidwe.

Muyenera ndi maso? Levenhuk kupereka mwayi chofunika. Osiyanasiyana makampani kuwala zida ndi digito ndi kwachilengedwenso zipangizo kuonjezera chinthu akuphunziridwa. Komanso, makasitomala anapereka ndipo mamangidwe zitsanzo, kunyongedwa zosiyanasiyana mitundu.

Maso Levenhuk ali magwiridwe kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kulowa mlingo chipangizo maphunziro akhoza chikugwirizana ndi kompyuta, amatha kuchita maphunziro vidiyomo. Mu chitsanzo ichi ali okonzeka ndi zinchito Levenhuk D2L.

kampani limapereka microscopes kwachilengedwenso misinkhu yosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi chitsanzo losavuta komanso ndi zinthu zatsopano zimene zigwirizane akatswiri.