Mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito - izo ... Lingaliro la mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito. Standard mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito

Mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito - ndi mawu ambiri anamva, koma ochepa kumvetsa. Ndipo tiyenera kuvomereza kuti mapeto asanafike kuzindikira akamanena za zodabwitsazi kwenikweni kovuta. Komabe, zimenezi siziyenera kutichititsa mantha. Zambiri zimene tikukhala, ife zoona, zingathe kufotokozedwa chabe. Ndipo ife sindikuyankhula za maganizo kapena chidziwitso cha munthu makamaka. No. Timanena za kuchotsedwa kwa sayansi pa kutaya anthu.

mipata lalikulu kulibe osati chidziwitso cha kufanana galactic Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani mabowo wakuda ndi wormholes, koma kuti tikukhala nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, akadali kutsutsana za chikhalidwe thupi kuwala kutali yayambika. Ndipo amene angathe kuthetsa mwa mfundo nthawi? nkhani zimenezi - zosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Koma m'nkhani ino ine kufotokoza mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito. Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi akuvutika maganizo "mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito". Umagwirira ndi sayansi zimayenderana mu kuphunzira izi chodabwitsa mwachinsinsi. Tidzayensa kupeza zimene lidatchuka kuti nthawi yathu.

Kukhazikitsa mfundo mu academia

Lingaliro la mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito mu akatswiri chilengedwe anayambitsa otchuka German masamu Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius. Mawu osavuta, wasayansi anaganiza kupeza zoyenera kuchita ndi mphamvu. M'lingaliro lotani? Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni sakutchulanso ku mayesero ambiri ndi mfundo zovuta, masamu ndi kutenga chitsanzo bwino kwa ife tsiku ndi tsiku.

Muyenera kukhala bwino pamene inu mlandu, nkuti, foni yam'manja batire, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu atasunga mabatire adzakhala zochepa kwenikweni analandira kwa maukonde. Pali zomvetsa ena. Tsiku lililonse tiyenera ntchito izo. Koma kuti zomvetsa zimenezi zikuchitika mu machitidwe ena chatsekedwa. Pakuti masamu, sayansi, ili ndi vuto lalikulu. Kuphunzira nkhani iyi ndi ntchito Rudolf Clausius.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anabweretsa mfundo prelyubopytny. Ngati ife, kachiwiri, kuchotsa terminology zovuta, izo zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito - ndi kusiyana pakati pa abwino ndi ndondomeko weniweni.

Tiyerekeze kuti muli ndi shopu. Ndipo inu mukuyenera kuti kuzindikira 100 mtengo makilogalamu manyumwa 10 MNT pa kg. Kulemba chizindikiro mu 2 kumakoka pa ndalama khumi, udzapeza azipereke pa 1200 MNT adzakupatsani posited kuchuluka kwa katundu ndi kusiya nokha phindu la mazana awiri MNT.

Kotero, anali kufotokoza wangwiro kwa ndondomekoyi. Ndipo marketer aliyense amadziwa, ndi nthawi kuti, adzagulitsa monga manyumwa lonse, iwo adzakhala ndi nthawi kuti adzauma ndi 15 peresenti. A 20 peresenti ndi chiyani kuvunda, ndipo monga kwalembedwa kutali. Koma izi ndi ndondomeko weniweni.

Choncho, mfundo mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito, zomwe kukhazikitsa malo masamu, Rudolf Clausius, limanenedwa ngati ubale wa dongosolo limene kuwonjezeka mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito zimadalira kutentha kwa dongosolo wachibale kufunika ziro mtheradi. Ndipotu chosonyeza kuti zinyalala (otaika) mphamvu.

Chizindikiro amaona chipwirikiticho

Komabe n'zotheka kuuza ena zikhulupiriro amanena kuti mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito - ndi muyeso wa chisokonezo. Ndiko kuti, ngati ife monga chitsanzo cha machitidwe chatsekedwa chimakhala wophunzira chipinda si kutsukidwa pa yunifomu malo adzayenera zimaonetsa ena mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito. Koma kufunika kwake imeneyi ndi yaing'ono. Koma ngati kuwonjezera kumwaza zidole, kubweretsa mbuluuli ku khitchini (kumene, ndi kuonongeka kochepa) ndi kusiya nyansi pa tebulo mabuku onse, mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ya dongosolo (choncho ino - chipinda) adzauka zikuchepa.

yamasewera

Mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito nkhani - zovuta kufotokoza ndondomeko. Asayansi ambiri pa atumwi wotsiriza achititsa kuti kuphunzira limagwirira ntchito zake. Komanso, mfundo mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ntchito osati masamu ndi sayansi. Iye alinso ndi malo choyenera mu umagwirira lapansi. Ena amisiri ntchito kufotokoza ngakhale njira maganizo mu ubale wa anthu. Tiyeni tione kusiyana kwa mawu a sayansi atatu. Aliyense wa iwo limasonyeza mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito, Komano, ndi kuphatikiza awo kudzatithandiza kwambiri coherent chithunzi.

Ovomerezeka Clausius

Simungathe kusintha kwa kutentha thupi ku thupi m'munsi kutentha ndi apamwamba.

Tsimikizani zopanda imeneyi ndi yosavuta. Inu sadzakhoza kulimbitsa manja ozizira, kunena, mazira pang'ono mwana wagalu ngati mukufuna kuwakonda kumuthandiza. Choncho tiyenera iyo mu chifuwa chake, kumene kutentha ndi apamwamba kuposa panopa.

Ovomerezeka Thomson

Iwo sangakhoze pokonza chifukwa cha zomwe zingakhale kwathunthu ntchito chifukwa cha kutentha, anatengedwa kuchokera mmodzi wa matupi.

Ndipo ngati inu ndithu chabe, zikutanthauza kuti ndi thanzi n'zosatheka kupanga lopitirira zoyenda makina. Musalole ndi mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ya dongosolo chatsekedwa.

Boltzmann Kutengera

Mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito sangathe ndichepe mu dongosolo chatsekedwa, kutanthauza anthu amene simulandira kunja mphamvu recharge.

ameneŵa Agwedeza chikhulupiriro cha mbali ambiri amakhulupirira zimenezi, ndipo akhaapatisa kuganizira mofatsa za kukhalapo kwa chilengedwe ndi Mlengi waluntha. Chifukwa chiyani?

Chifukwa kusakhulupirika mu dongosolo chatsekedwa, mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito nthawi kumawonjezera. Choncho, kulimbikitsa ndi chipwirikiticho. Sololani likhoza kukhala chifukwa recharge mphamvu kunja. Ndipo lamulo ili, tikuona tsiku lililonse. Ngati mulibe kusamalira munda, nyumba, galimoto, ndi zina zotero. E., Anangotiuza imbataika.

Mu megamasshtabah chilengedwe chathu - ndi dongosolo chatsekedwa. Ndipo asayansi kuona kuti moyo wathu ziyenera kusonyeza chakuti penapake pali ichi recharge mphamvu kunja. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa lero kuti astrophysicists amakhulupirira Mulungu.

Muvi nthawi

Wina fanizo mwaluso kwambiri wa mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati Muvi nthawi. Ndiyo mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito limasonyeza imene malangizo kudzalimbikitsa ndondomeko ya thupi.

Inde, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti amve kuchotsedwa kwa munda, mudzakhala amayembekezera kuti m'dera limene iye anali ndi udindo, angakhale olondola kwambiri komanso anakonzekeretsa. Zosiyana - ngati mulibe ganyu wantchito wina, patapita kanthawi, ngakhale m'munda wokongola kwambiri kubwera umatha.

Mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito mu umagwirira

Mu malangizo a "Chemistry" mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ndi chizindikiro zofunika. Nthawi zina, phindu lake zimakhudza zochita mankhwala a.

Amene sanaone powonekera kwa filimu imene zilembo ndi molondola umasamutsidwa ku chidebe cha nitroglycerin poopa kuti tifulumizane mkangano kuyenda wakulungama lakuthwa? Zinali zooneka mfundo za mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito mankhwala. Ngati chithunzi ake anafika yovuta, zingakhale zimene anayamba zinachititsa kuti kuphulika ndi.

Matenda kuti

Nthawi zambiri amanena kuti mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito - ndi chikhumbo chisokonezo. Ndipotu mawu akuti "mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito" zikutanthauza kutembenukira kapena onsewo. Ife tanena kale kuti n'zimenenso kanthu. chidwi kwambiri lembali, mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito mpweya wa. Tiyeni tiyese kulingalira mmene zimachitika.

Tengani dongosolo chatsekedwa wopangidwa muli awiri zikugwirizana, omwe ndi gasi. Kuthamanga mu muli mpaka iwo anali mwamphamvu inakula, zinali zosiyana. Taganizirani zimene zinachitika pa mlingo maselo, pamene iwo pamodzi.

Khamu la tinthu ali opanikizika kwambiri, nthawi yomweyo anathamangira kwa abale ake, amene anakhala mpaka momasuka ndithu. Choncho, iwo kuthamanga uko. Izi angayerekezedwe ndi momwe madzi akukhavukira kubafa. Wadutsa ku mbali imodzi, nthawi yomweyo iri yofulumira kwa ena. Mofananamo, molekyulu wathu. Ndipo wathu mwangwiro kutali chikoka kunja, iwo adzakankha dongosolo bola osati kukhazikitsa bwino kwambiri mu buku lonse. Ndiyeno, pamene iliyonse molekyulu zidzakhala ndendende danga mofanana oyandikana ndi wotsala onse. Ndipo kudzakhala mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito apamwamba mu zinthu zinapangidwira. Kasinthasintha komanso kusinthika kudzatha.

Standard mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito

Asayansi sanasiye kuyesetsa kwawo bungwe ndi m'kagulu ngakhale nyansi. Chifukwa mtengo mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito chimadalira pa kuchuluka kwa zinthu nkhaniyi, mawu akuti "muyezo mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito" polima. Mfundo za malamulo amenewa zakambidwa mwachidule mu gome wapadera, kotero inu mosavuta kuchita anapezazo ndi kuthetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana ntchito.

mfundo kusakhulupirika pa muyezo mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito kuganizira zinthu mavuto mpweya wina ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 25 Celsius. Monga kutentha kumawonjezera mlingo Komanso kumawonjezera.

Zizindikiro ndi Ciphers

Palinso nkhani mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuthandiza encrypting uthenga ozimbayitsidwa. Kuti mudziwe mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito - ndi Mwina mudziwe predictability. Ndipo ngati mawu osavuta kwambiri, ndi n'zosavuta adzakhala osokoneza ndi cipher intercepted.

Kodi ntchito? Koyamba, zikuoneka kuti, popanda ngakhale deta aliyense gwero kumvetsa uthenga yosiyanasiyana sangakhale. Koma zimenezi si zoona. Apa pakubwera mu mosavuta.

Tangoganizani tsamba ndi uthenga encrypted. Inu mukudziwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero cha Chirasha, koma zilembo sadziwa kwathunthu. Pati? Taganizirani izi: kodi n'kutheka kuti kalata amakumana patsamba lino ndi "b"? Ndi mwayi mutatulukira kalata "o"? System, inu mukumvetsa. Kuwerengetsa Makhalidwe amene ambiri (ndi wochepetsetsa - komanso ndi chizindikiro zofunika), ndi poyerekeza ndi peculiarities wa chinenero mu uthenga linalembedwa.

Komanso, pali pafupipafupi, ndipo m'zilankhulo zina ndi ma khola la makalata. Kudziwa zimenezi amagwiranso ntchito decrypt. Mwa njira, njira imeneyi ntchito wotchuka Sherlock Holmes nkhani "The Wongosangalatsa wa Amuna kuvina". Mu njira yomweyo kuswa zizindikiro mu mothamanga-mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

Ndi mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito mfundo cholinga kuonjezera kudalirika kwa wolemba pulogalamu. Chifukwa mitunduyi anachokera Masamu akhoza kukambirana ndi kusintha akufuna options shifrovschikami.

Kulankhulana ndi nkhani mdima

Chiphunzitso chimene akuyembekezera okha litatsimikizika, anthu ambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo anafotokoza chodabwitsa cha mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ndi zimakhalanso apeza nkhani mdima. Akuti mphamvu anataya limangolembedwa n'kukhala mdima. Akatswiri a sayansi ya kuganiza kuti chilengedwe chathu 4 peresenti zokha kugwa pa nkhani monga tidziwa. Ndipo aliwonse 96 ntchito unexplored pa mphindi - mdima.

mutu wotero iye analandira chifukwa chakuti zilibe kucheza ndi cheza mu atomu ndipo limatulutsa izo (monga onse amene akudziwika kuti nthawi kuti zinthu m'chilengedwe chonse). Ndipo chotero, pa siteji iyi ya chitukuko cha kuphunzira sayansi ya nkhani mdima ndi katundu sikutheka.