Ndege chonyamulira "Midway": makhalidwe chachikulu, zida. onyamula US

Ndege onyamula - zombo otchuka oimira magulu ankhondo amphamvu a boma. Midway - ndege chonyamulira, chimene chinali chiwerengero cha asilikali komanso asilikali apanyanja US kwa zaka 47. chombo anatumikira m'njira ndi America nawo nkhondo Vietnam. Mu 1992, anasiya US Navy chonyamulira zombo, ndipo anatembenukira kwa chombo Museum ku zaka zisanu. Lero tili tione chombo izi zazikulu, mbiri yake, chipangizo, zida ndi zina zambiri zoona chidwi.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Pa Kumangidwa kwa latsopano kalasi ya sitima ya US Navy chonyamulira zombo zimaonekera kumapeto kwa 1941, pambuyo kuukira Japanese pa Pearl Harbor. Kwa kanthawi, boma US ndi kasamalidwe zombo sakanakhoza kufika kugwirizana pa mtundu watsopano wa ngalawa. Franklin Roosevelt ndi asilikali Ernest Mfumu ankakhulupirira kuti kufunika kumanga ndege yaing'ono zonyamulira. Panthawiyi, asilikali Chester Nimitz anaumirira yomanga ndege onyamula ndi kusamuka kwa tonnes osachepera 45 000. Potsilizira pake, Nimitz anatha kutsimikizira kasamalidwe, ndi mu December 1942, Roosevelt ovomerezeka ntchito kumanga awiri ndege onyamula ndi kusamuka kwa tonnes oposa 40 000.

Mu October 1943, pafupi ya Virginia chinaikidwa ndege chonyamulira CV 41. yomanga wake unatha miyezi 17. Mu March 1945, wapadera afunika chatsopano ndege chonyamulira, kudyetsa ziyembekezo kwa US Naval zombo.

akalambula

Pasanakhale ndege chonyamulira "Midway", ochuluka kuposa ndi amphamvu American ndege onyamula anali kalasi "Essex" zombo. "Midway" analandira kwa iwo zina mwa zinthu: zamalowo chiwembu, komanso zikepe Kamangidwe Ndege "zilumba". Pankhani kusiyana kunja, zofunika ambiri a iwo anakhala m'chumunicho yaikulu ndi kudulana, omwe sanali "Abale chachikulu".

kamangidwe

The zina zachidule loyamba chonyamulira katundu ndege, chimene chinaperekedwa kamodzi amayenera m'malo "Essex" amenewa anayamba mu 1940. chitukuko anali pachimake, ngakhale kuti mpaka 1942 chiyembekezo kumanga chombo akuluakuluwo anali m'malo yosokoneza. Chitukuko cha polojekitiyi ali kwambiri ndi zochitika za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mfundo wamphamvu mokomera kuwonjezeka malire Sitimayo imfa ngalawa "ulemerero" ndipo nkhondo ya Midway (Choncho dzina la nthandala).

Popeza mphamvu chombo latsopano zambiri kuposa akalambula, anabwera ndi gulu lapadera kwa izo. Ndege chonyamulira anatumizidwa kalasi CV-B, chimene chinafika mpaka mu 1952, sanabadwe anaonekera zambiri zamakono ndege onyamula United States, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakufunika gulu latsopano.

yomanga

Kumanga ndege chonyamulira "Midway" amene miyeso ndife oposa olimba, mu masiku amenewo sizinali zophweka ngakhale kwa mtundu anayamba ngati America. Ndi bwino yosayenera yomanga doko youma, amene anali pamenepo kwenikweni. Koma mwamwayi, pa nthawi ya imakhala ya zithunzi za mapolojekiti a chonyamulira katundu ndege kuti akuchoka malo, zomwe sizinachitike yomanga Nkhondo "Montana."

Ndege chonyamulira ndi index CVB 41 anapatsidwa yaikulu shipbuilding kampani Newport News Shipbuilding. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, dzina "Midway," chombo anapatsidwa yekha mu chaka cha 1944. Naye kalasi ya dzina chomwecho ziwiya ziwiri kwambiri, "Franklin D. Roosevelt" ndege chonyamulira "Koral Si". The ngwazi ya zokambirana zathu anali okonzeka mu miyezi 23 pambuyo Bookmark lapansi. Ndege chonyamulira "Midway", kutalika kwa amene ali mochuluka monga 295 meters, anakhala kupambana American. Pa nthawi imeneyo iye ankaona osati amphamvu kwambiri nkhondowo wagawo, wokonzeka kugwira ntchito zinthu aliyense, ndipo ntchito woona wa luso. Ndi nthawi kuphunzira, kotero kuti ndege chonyamulira "Midway" yapindula ulemu kwambiri.

chitetezo

Kusungitsa chonyamulira m'gulu zida lamba ndi adzikometsa atatu oti muli nazo zida. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, buku m'madera ena m'deralo. Flight ngalawayo kutetezedwa 87 mm zida wosanjikiza. Kuwonjezera pa yopingasa, chombo onyamula olimba kwambiri chitetezo choimirira. Chonyamulira ndege anali okonzeka ndi lamba oti muli nazo zida za 193 mm, kuti sizidzachitika kachiwiri mu ngalawa za kalasi. Koma apa pali mfundo zina zabwino. Pomanga wa preponderance chidwi ya chotengera kumanja chinapezeka, kotero 193 mm zida asungidwa kumanja. Kumanzere izo zochepa 178 mamilimita ndi bwino kudula pansi mpaka 76 mm.

Pankhani pamwamba waukulu zida lamba, palibe deta odalirika. Mu buku lina, zida makulidwe 50 mm, ndi zina - yekha 30 yolemera sheathing. lamba chatsekedwa mu traverznyh citadel kudzera bulkheads 160 mm. bokosi chiwongolero zida anateteza zida: m'mbali - 193 mamilimita; kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo - 160mm, pamwamba - 127 mm, ndi pansi - 63 mm. The conning nsanja chidafundidwa ndi 165 mm zida mbali ndi 87 mm - pamwamba. Zingwe machitidwe waukulu ulamuliro akhala unazunguliridwa mu chitoliro 102 mm makulidwe.

galimoto ntchito

Kanyama chombo munali injini anayi turbozubchatyh "Westinghouse", umene unali olumikizidwa ndi coppers dazeni "Babcock Wilcox End." Motors actuated anayi 5.5-mita mafangasi wononga pa kasinthasintha liwiro la 200 rpm. matani 10 zikwi za mafuta m'chombo chikusowekabe 15 sauzande mailosi. Pamene angagwiritse anakonza kuti m'munsi mafuta, koma zida zimamuchulukira kwasintha. The boilers anali patsogolo ndi aft mbali ya nthandala, mu zipinda watertight. Magetsi wotanganidwa okwana 26 zipinda. Pa dzanja limodzi, izo kumawonjezera umoyo wake, ndi pa zina - utumiki kobvuta. Hereinafter ngati chiwembu sichinayambe ntchito view a kukonza zovuta.

chonyamulira liwiro anali 33 mfundo umene panthawi imeneyo unali chabe chizindikiro kwambiri ngakhale poyerekeza ndi zochepa chotengera chonse. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ngalawa, komanso oimira "Essex" kalasi siinaululidwe patsogolo. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi 4452 mailosi ulendo, amene anachimwitsa pa liwiro avareji 32,5 mfundo.

zida wothandiza

Waukulu ndege zida luso awiri catapults zitsulo chotengera chimakweza atatu ndi finishers ochepa. Chimodzimodzinso okonzeka ndi atsopano (nthawi, ndithudi) Baibulo la "Essex". Komanso, ndege chonyamulira "Midway" zida ndi njira yabwino refueling ndi ntchito yokonza zida ndege. Catapult H-Mk-IV-1 kudzera elongated njanji Ufumuyo womenya liwiro 145 Km / h. Kuti tsegulaniso catapult amathera masekondi 60 okha. Koma aviafinisherov, iwo anasiya 13.5 matani ndege zouluka pa liwiro la 90 miles / ola. Awiri ndege zikepe miyeso ya 16.5 / 14 mamita ndi mphamvu onyamula matani 12 anaikidwa pa sitimayo. Adakwera kuuchotsa anali kale mamita anayi ndi kuika matani 8.

Galimoto Mphamvu m'gulu 8 turbogenerators AC mphamvu 1250 kW lililonse. voteji Mains ndi 440 V. magudumu anaika mu zipinda watertight pafupi ndi kumbuyo kwa kukatentha chipinda. Komanso, peyala ya zipinda akutali pabwino mwadzidzidzi magudumu dizilo ndi mphamvu okwana 2850 kW. Chifukwa, mphamvu okwana chonyamulira ndege wafika mbiri mkulu - 12 850 kW. A peyala ya zomera desalination kuti athe kupereka m'chombomo pamodzi ndi madzi kukatentha ndi zosowa zapakhomo.

habitability

ndege chonyamulira adalira m'gulu osati chombo, koma ndodo ndege. Malinga ndi zolinga za 1943, chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito amayenera kupanga 3443 munthu. Awa, 2112 (2006 oyendetsa ndi akapitawo 106) a m'chombo, 1331 anthu - anthu ogwira ndege. Komanso, ankaganiza malo 140 kubwerera, mu nkhani chotengeracho adzakhala flagship. Malinga polojekiti sitimayo anaikonza kuti malo kwambiri kupewa mopanikizana. Komabe, ndi 1947 adalira anali kale anthu 4100 amene moyo kumanzere kwambiri wolakalakika. Komabe, mopanikizana pa nthawi zowawa onyamula onse US.

zida

chombo okonzeka ndi mfuti wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa ntchito pa sitima ndi ndege kumangopitirizabe. Ena mwa iwo anali 18 mfuti 127 likungosonyeza, 21 - 40 ndi 28 - 20. Onyamula monga "Midway" zimasiyana kalambulabwalo wa mawu pachimake manja. M'malo mfuti 127-millimeter ndi mbiya kutalika 38 calibres, chotengera chatsopano analandira 127 mm Cannon MK-16. Iwo anayamba pa nkhondo "Montana" amene yomanga sizinachitike. Mfuti chinaikidwa kwa nsanja unsembe wosakwatiwa ndipo anali ndi ntchito chidwi. Ndege chonyamulira "Midway" anali m'chombo yekha amene analandira MK 16 mfuti. Pambuyo pake anaikidwa pa ofunkha Japanese "Murasame", koma anali mfuti otengedwa "Midway" m'kupita kwa wamakono mu 50s lapansi.

Chifukwa chotengera chitetezo pafupi ndi zida chetyrehstvolnymi "Bofors" 40 ndi umodzi-mbiya "Oerlikon" 20-likungosonyeza. Pa nthawi yolowera panyanja gunnery US Army anatengera osakwatiwa-chonyamulira zaka 18 ndi 21 chetyrehstvolnuyu unsembe.

gulu mpweya

Kuchokera mu 1945, ndege chonyamulira anaberekera omenyana Chance Vought F4U Corsair. Patapita zaka ziwiri pa bolodi ali omenyana Grumman F8F Bearcat ndi Grumman F8F Bearcat. Kumayambiriro 60 m'chombocho anaonekera Jets Grumman F9F Panther. Mu 1956 utumiki wake m'ngalawa ngati ndege chonyamulira Kuyamba: F3H Chiwanda Vought F-8 Crusader, Douglas A-3 ndi 4 Douglas A-Skyhawk. Otsiriza mu 1970, linasintha pa A-7 Corsair II.

Mu 1965, onse m'malo olimbana watsopano - McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. Mu 1986, iwo anali m'malo ndi ndege F / A-18 Hornet. Kumayambiriro 70 adakwera mathanki refueling nalowa yoponya mabomba Grumman A-6 wakubayo. M'ngalawa chonyamulira ndege komanso ankatumikira monga ndege SH-2 Seasprite, umene ntchito makamaka kwa yokonza chotengera ndi katundu yobereka. Iye wagwira ntchito ku malo komwe sikunali kotheka kuti zimakocheza ankhaninkhani anaima. Ngati lero, Gulu Air ndi gawo la padzuwa ndege.

radars

Midway ndege chonyamulira zida Rada sanali amasiyana "Essex" zida. Amaphatikiza okwerera Rada awiri kudziwa mipherezero mpweya, radars awiri kudziwa mipherezero padziko, ndi makina ounikira altimeter ndipo ambiri okwerera omwe amalamulira moto.

wamakono

chotengeracho mobwerezabwereza woyengedwa. The wamakono woyamba unachitika mu 1955. cholinga chake chinali kuonjezera chonyamulira moyo ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zake. Kamangidwe chombo walandira kusintha. The akuluakulu ndi:

1. Msewu wonyamukira ndege kufalitsidwa pa madigiri 8 wachibale olamulira kotenga ya nthandala. Ndiyamika kuukonza wamng'ono uyu ndi mwayi kuchita munthawi yomweyo ankafika ndi kuvula kuchokera m`chombo.
2. M'malo awiri nthunzi akulu catapults chotengera okonzeka ndi atatu amphamvu kwambiri.
3. kulimbitsa dongosolo braking zinalembedwa. chiwerengero cha zingwe ananyema yafupika.
4. sitimayo zikepe anasamukira, kuchuluka mphamvu zawo.
5. "Island" ali kwambiri akweza ndi zida ndi angapo zida zatsopano.
6. chombo analandira watsopano "akanthe mphuno."
7. Number zida zankhondo kusanduka 8.
8. Air vavu m'malo mwa latsopano - wamphamvu kwambiri.
9. Voliyumu ya ndege akasinja mafuta linawonjezeka.
10. The waterline zida lamba ankaiphwasula.

Zonsezi zapangitsa chakuti chotengera Kuchuluka matani 62 chikwi.

Chakumapeto 1966, Baibulo lachiwiri la ndege chonyamulira "Midway", omwe anakhala waukulu mu mbiri ya moyo wamakono mwatsatanetsatane za m'chombo. Zotsatira za pomwe ndi:

1. Anasamutsa chimakweza ndi yonyamula mphamvu yapamwamba.
2. The chepetse chiwerengero cha wophatikizidwa catapult - awiri.
3. Kupititsa patsogolo braking dongosolo.
4. Anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri m'dera la ndege sitimayo.
5. Wamakono wa "chilumba".

Ndi kumveketsa izi chombo anakhalabe muutumiki mpaka 90s lapansi. Wamakono bajeti anali madola miliyoni 202.

ofesi

Mu February 1946, chombo chinali flagship wa woyamba ndege chonyamulira magawano. Mu March chaka chino, ndege chonyamulira anayesedwa njira zida lakonzedwa kuti nyengo yozizira. M'dzinja oyambirira chombo anapanga Launch za "V-2" zida.

Mayeso ovuta kwambiri "Midway" ndege chonyamulira anali Frostbite wotuluka zokhudza njira maphunziro utumiki mu Far North.

M'chaka cha 1951 anagwira sitima ndege kutengerapo mayesero F9F-5 Atlantic Ocean. Chaka chotsatira, "Midway" anatenga gawo mu Papayu ndi mphamvu NATO. Mu 1954, chombo wachita pafupifupi kuzungulira, mapeto mfundo amene anali pa chilumba cha Taiwan. Apa, monga gawo la US Seventh zombo, anali m'munsi kwa ndegeyo, kuphimba achoke kwa chilumbachi pa vuto loyamba Taiwanese.

Mu March 1965, ndege chonyamulira ndege anaukira mipherezero asilikali North ndi South Vietnam. Okwana pa Vietnam nkhondo aviators "Midway" anawomberedwa pansi ndege eyiti. Mu 1971, pambuyo Mokweza sitimayo kachiwiri anabwerera ku Vietnam, kumene ncho ndegeyo njira madoko m'deralo. Pomaliza, nyota za chonyamulira Vietnamese analandira mphoto kwa pulezidenti wa America.

Mu 1975, sitima anatenga gawo mu ntchito "likukulira mphepo." April 29 Byong-zeni - Air Force Major South Vietnam - anasamutsidwa banja pa ndege Cessna O-1. Likupita kwa nyanja, ndege anakumana ndege chonyamulira "Midway". Pambuyo ziwembu zingapo chombo wakhazikitsa kulankhulana ndi ndegeyo. Last ndinafunsa za ankafika pa. Kotero kuti chichitike, oyendetsa anali kumasula ndege sitimayo la ndegeyo. Ena waponya m'madzi. The ndege inatera bwinobwino pa sitimayo ndi kapitawo panokha kutamandidwa oyendetsa kuti Luso ndi kulimba mtima. Anaponya zida madzi mtengo US Navy wa $ 10 miliyoni. The gulu la chonyamulira ndege anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi akuluakulu kuchita Vietnamese kuti ngakhale anamuthandiza kupeza ntchito pa malo lotseguka America.

Mu 80 "Midway" ndi gulu la mabwalo zina zimakhala anabweretsa chiwonetsero cha US ntchito asilikali poyerekezera ndi maganizo a North Korea. Mu March 1981 Helicopters awiri a ndege ya gulu la ndege chonyamulira, anapulumutsa anthu 17 amene akuvutika chifukwa kugwa ndege za asilikali. Sam ndege anali kunayambitsa pa sitimayo.

Mu June 1990, ndi zinthu zomvetsa chisoni zinachitika pa bolodi ndege chonyamulira. chotengeracho anali mabomba awiri zinachititsa kuti moto m'kati pafupifupi 10 maola. Chifukwa, kupha anthu awiri adalira, ndipo enanso 9 anavulala. chochitika chidafundidwa ndi atolankhani oposa zana padziko lonse. Media anapanga zingawakumbutse vuto yaikulu, ankakhulupirira kuti chombo ndiye chimakagona.

Mu 1989-1991. chotengera wachita maudani ndi Iraq, makamaka mu ntchito "Chipululu Mphepo". Mu June 1991, Yehova anathandiza anthu a Philippines anakhudzidwa ndi kuphulika kwa Phiri la Pinatubo.

Kutembenuka mu Museum

Mu 1992, chombo aikiwa mu malo. Mpaka 1998, izo zinali mu udindo wosamalira mu Bremerton Washington. Mu September 2003, ndege chonyamulira anayamba ulendo wake omaliza. Mapeto kufika njira anali Broadway Doko mu mzinda wakale San Diego, kuti chombo inasanduka Museum. Kutsegula zinachitika June 7, 2004. M'chaka chake choyamba cha machitidwe a nyumbayi anachezeredwa ndi anthu oposa 870 sauzande, amene ali kawiri kuposa zoyembezereka za atsogoleri ntchito.

Kwa nthawi yaitali utumiki wa chombo walandira mphoto zambiri. Chief mwa iwo anali pulezidenti wa chipika woyamikira. Panalinso mphoto chifukwa chotenga mbali mu Vietnamese ntchito asilikali kumasula Kuwait, ndi ntchito zina. Ena mwa mphoto lidzawotchedwa anatumizidwa kangapo.

Pomaliza

Ndege chonyamulira "Midway" makhalidwe amene takambirana lero, ndi limodzi la ngalawa wotchuka wa Navy US. Iye, pa dzanja limodzi, chidwi ndi ukulu wake ndi limaimira mphamvu zamakono nkhondo, ndi pa zina - akutikumbutsa za absurdity nkhondo. Nkhondo - manyazi anthu onse. Ndipo zingakhale bwino kwambiri ngati mabiliyoni ambiri padera osati zochitika za asilikali ndipo mu zinthu zothandiza kwambiri.