Ndi Goths (fuko) ndi mtundu wa anthu ndi ndani?

Nkhani Tikambirana pa Goth, koma osati za oimira lofala masiku ano achinyamata zosokoneza, ozunguza maganizo awo nzika boma ndi anthu akunjawo mafuko akale lomwe kudutsa kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kudutsa ku Ulaya yense, anakhazikitsa wina wa boma la amphamvu ambiri akale - Toledo ufumu. Goths (fuko) mbisoweka nthawi ya mibadwo ya mdima ngati kwathunthu ndi mwachinsinsi monga iwo anaonekera, kusiya mbiri yakale kuchuluka lonse kufufuza ndi kukambirana.

Europe zana loyamba AD

Powonekera kuti anthu anaonekera pa nthawi imene Europe anali kudutsa ngati nthawi Transitional. Lakale chitukuko ndi chinthu chakale, ndipo boma latsopano ndi mtundu tabadwa mu gawo zoyambirira. Mu expanses lake lalikulu mosalekeza Akhafamba misa yaikulu anthu, lotengeka ndi zinthu zimene zimasinthasintha wa moyo.

anali chifukwa chachikulu cha kusamuka yogwira zimene. Malinga ndi asayansi, izi zinathandiza kuti zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba mwa zinthuzi ndi mopanikizana kobwereza m'madera kale asezare ndipo anayamba. Ndipo pambali, m'nyumba zawo anakakamizika kuonekera nthawi wamphamvu kwambiri ndi mwamakani anansi, amene amayenera kuchotsedwa mwachangu, pomenyana nthawi yomweyo amene anakumana panjira, ndipo sanathe kupereka atangokanidwa yoyenera.

Pankhondo Scandinavians pa thambo la Europe

Za momwe mu I-II m'ma AD pakati pa anthu ena a ku Ulaya anali Goths - mafuko Germany mu chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe chawo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi anthu ake, ndi mbiri akuuza VI atumwi, dzina Jordan. Iye akunena kuti awa kwambiri, amuna bearded, atakulungidwa mu zikopa za nyama ndi wokonzeka pa mphindi iliyonse tiwolokere malupanga awo, anali mbadwa za chilumba lachinsinsi la pabwalo zakale, zomwe mafotokozedwe kulola ife kuti aphunzire mosavuta Scandinavia Peninsula.

Kotero, iye anati Goths - mafuko a ku Scandinavia zoyenda kudutsa Europe m'njira kum'mwera. Mu 258, iwo nakwaniritsa za Crimea, ndipo ena a iwo kukhazikika mu izo, m'mene m'malo ndi woyendayendawu ndi moyo kuthetsedwa. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena la kum'mawa kwa chilumba ndiye anakakhala za zikwi makumi asanu mabanja. Akatswiri ambiri ananena kuti mpaka mapeto a XVIII m'ma m'madera amenewa anapitiriza kuomba chinenero Gothic, kwathunthu mbisoweka ndi nthawi m'madera ena a dziko.

Komabe, zinali zachilendo, ndipo mwa wongosamukasamuka zina European mmodzi udindo ŵa kulamulidwa ndi Goths (fuko). Mbiri ya anthu a nthawi lokhala ndi kumenyana osaleka ndi anthu a m'madera, womwe unali ulendo wawo. Mbiri tatchulawa Jordan limanena kuti chifukwa cha ichi, iwo kwenikweni analibe kugona kawiri pa malo omwewo. Ku mibadwomibadwo anabadwa, anakula ndipo anamwalira mu msewu.

Akunja pa malire a Roma

Oyendayenda njira iyi, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma IV anafika ku malire a Roma. Oddly zokwanira, koma yabwino pa nthawi asilikali a dziko Nthawi zina zopanda mphamvu kuukira chodabwitsa kwa mbuli ya atakulungidwa mu zikopa, udzaphwanya magulu dongosolo bwino, amene anamenya ngakhale malamulo onse alipo, kenako kutha mu kuya kwa ziyangoyango nkhalango.

Woopsa ndi manambala awo. Kumalire a boma sanali akutali mayunitsi, ndipo anthu ambiri ndi ngolo, akazi, ana ndi ng'ombe. Ngati m'chilimwe patsogolo awo anali asalankhule ndi mavuto awiri zachilengedwe - Mtsinje Danube ndi Rhine, m'nyengo yozizira, pamene iwo okutidwa ndi ayezi, njira inatsegulidwa akunjawo lapansi.

Ndi nthawi iyi ufumu iliyonse yophedwa ndi mavuto aakulu chifukwa cha ziphuphu ndi katangale anali chigamulo osankhika ake ali kukana kwambiri kwa Goths, koma ambiri kusunga Kukwezeleza awo salinso mu mphamvu. M'chaka 268, mwa kuwonekera pa Danube ayezi Goths - mafuko Germany, wodzilemekeza chifukwa sanachedwe kuvomereza zina anthu ena ochepa, adzafunkha malire m'chigawo cha Pannonia. Kudera limeneli, womwenso mbali ya masiku ano Hungary ndi Serbia, anali chikho loyamba la nkhondowo okonzeka mu Ufumu wa Roma.

Ndiyeno panali chipinda chachiwiri mabanja, amene anaphwanya ndi masana wosatha ndi anthu amene amakonda nyumba yogona. Anakakhala ku maiko a Moesia ndi Dacia, tsopano m'gulu malire Chibugariya ndi Romania. Nthawi zambiri, Goths - fuko chibwenzi ku nthawi imeneyo, zaka zoposa ziwiri, analimbikitsidwa kuti posachedwapa Mfumu ya Roma Valens anaitenga kuti athandize zamtendere kunena naye mgwilizano wa sanali mokwiya.

Huns - mliri wa Mulungu

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka IV Europe zowawa tsokali lowopsya - kuchokera kummawa mpaka malire ake litalanda magulu ambiri Huns kutsogoleredwa ndi Attila wotchuka. Ngakhale mfundo za nkhanza ndi kutali ku chiphunzitso choonadi cha nthawi, iwo zinadabwitsa aliyense ndi ferocity wake mosadziletsa ndi nkhanza. Kuopsa kugwirizana ndi kuwukira zawo mofanana kukhudzidwa ndi Aroma ndi wokonzeka. Palibe zodabwitsa iwo amatchedwa osati monga "mliri wa Mulungu."

Imodzi ndi nkhondo ya Huns, ndi Goths - mafuko wakale amene anali woyamba anthu, ogaŵikana nthambi ziwiri ufulu umene anali nawo mu mbiri monga CE (Western) ndi Ostrogoths (kum'mawa). Chaka chatha 375 anali anagonjetsa mwa Huns ndi mfumu yawo Ermanaric chisoni ndi manyazi kudzipha. Amene ndinali nawo mwayi woti apulumuke, anakakamizika nkhondo kumbali ya kale anali adani ake. Nkhani ya East German fuko ndi wokonzeka anangotsala pang'ono kwambiri kumaliza.

Mgwirizano Aroma

Pambuyo umboni imfa ya dziko lawo, ndipo mantha kugawana adzawonongedwa, Visigoths amuthandize Aroma kuposa wokongola nazo. Iwo anapatsidwa mwayi zikhazikike momasuka m'madera malire a ufumuwo, pa chikhalidwe chimene iwo kuteteza malire ake. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pansi pa mawu a pangano, akuluakulu analonjeza kuti tipereke chakudya ndi zinthu zina zofunika.

Komabe, kwenikweni zonse zinali zosiyana kwambiri. Kwambiri achinyengo akuluakulu Latin anatenga mwayi kugwira yaikulu ndi mkuwa kuba. Appropriating ndalama allocated yokonza wa outposts Gothic, iwo anali zokometsera awo ndi mabanja awo njala, osauka zofunikira. Goths - fuko, anazolowera pa masana osiyanasiyana mavuto, koma mu nkhani iyi, panali manyazi ulemu, ndipo iwo sakanakhoza kuvomereza.

Kupanduka ndi adani a Rome

Akuluakulu kuti saona kuti ndi nthawi dzulo akunjawo, mwatcheru kulankhulana ndi Latins, anali kuphunzira zambiri za mfundo za chitukuko mkulu. Choncho, palokha, monga mbuli amene angathe popanda kulangidwa rafting sobachinu pansi pa amati ndi nkhumba, imatengedwa mwano. Komanso, Goths - mafuko akale, kuyambira nthawi makedzana anazolowera lupanga kuthetsa mikangano iliyonse. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali chiwawa. Pa yimitsira boma ake anatumiza asilikali zonse, amene August 378 anali anagonjetsa mu nkhondo ya Adrianople.

Osati kuima pa ichi, CE anathamangira ku Rome, ndipo patapita kuzinga yaitali kuti waika nzika pa anangotsala pang'ono kufa chifukwa cha njala ndi matenda, iwo katswiri. A mwatsatanetsatane chidwi: kuvumbula mzinda kuti okwana zofunkha, iwo, koma, potsiriza, musadandaule pa moto, monga ankachitira mibadwo, ndipo sanazichite kuwonongeka pang'ono kwa Sisera. Popeza kuti Goths (fuko) - atypical akunjawo. Mwa nthawi imeneyi anakhala Akhristu ndiponso malinga ndi mtsogoleri wawo Alaric, adzalemekezedwa Papa ndi amene anakhala m'malo a Atumwi.

The chifukwa cha miyeso kwambiri

Yolanda Roma, Goths si kulandira mphamvu zandale. Iwo anafuna yekha kupeza chilungamo, kupeza akuluakulu ndalama zochepa ndipo ngati n'kotheka, kuthetsa zisadzachitikenso zina kusaweruzika. Amenewa miyeso kwambiri anatengedwa ndi iwo mu nkhondo yolimbana ndi ziphuphu, ndi anthu a mtima.

Monga malipiro a boma kale pofuna wawo watsopano, nthaka bwino, imene inali Gau. Komanso, Mfumu ya Roma Honorius anakwatira Gothic mfumu Atualfa mlongo wake Galla Placidia, motero cementing mgwirizano ndale achibale.

Zikamera wa okonzeka mu Spain

Komabe, ichi chinali chiyambi chabe cha zinthu kutsogolera ntchito imene ayenera kuimba Goths (fuko). Mbiri ya anthu aakulu anayamba kwenikweni kutsegula, ndi pachimake pambuyo mwamantha poyamba, ndiyeno, ndi mtima nthawi zonse, anagonjetsa m'chigawo lakutali Roma, wotchedwa Spain.

Masiku amenewo aiwala ndi malire onse a ufumuwo. anthu ake analankhula imodzi m'zilembo za, otchedwa zotukwana Latin - chinenero cha Romanized wamba, odzipereka akumeneko mbali lexical. Analamulira akuluakulu m'chigawo wotumidwa kuchokera kwa Roma, koma mu nkhani ya ngozi asilikali anthu kudalira yekha pa mphamvu zawo - boma, ataima pa anangotsala pang'ono kugwa, izo sizinali kwa anthu ake.

Koma pachiyambi cha m'ma V, pamene Spain anaukira anthu pa nthawi yomweyo khamu zakuthengo Vandals, Alans ndi Suevi, Mfumu Honorius, amene kwambiri nkhabe funa kutaya ichi, nthawi zonse kupereka malo msonkho, iwo akufuna kubweretsa Visigoths kuti iye.

Panthawi imeneyi, pakati pa Aroma ndi akunjawo dzulo anapanga mokwanira amphamvu ankhondo mgwirizano, amene analola magulu ambiri kwathunthu kuononga ankhondo a Huns mu June 451 pa Nkhondo ya minda Catalaunian. Chifukwa, Attila ndi asilikali ake m'mbuyomu losagonjetseka nthawi anachoka ya mbiri ya dziko lapansi, Mfumu anabweretsa manja ake kuthetsa mavuto ena kukanikiza.

The eni latsopano Spain

Choncho, maonekedwe a Visigoths ku Spain chinali chifukwa cha kukwaniritsidwa kwa udindo wake monga angakuthandizeni, koma kamodzi kumeneko, iwo anayamba kukonza zinthu zawo ndi nyonga chidwi ndi khama. Kalanga Honorius kwenikweni chifukwa amene Goths (fuko) chaka pamaso kugwa yomaliza ya Roma pamene iwo chinyengo ndi chinyengo anakakamizika iye kusaina chikalata Anawapatsa ufulu wonse ndi outputting Spain ku kugonjera ake.

Zitatha izi, eni latsopano la Spain, analengedwa zochokera m'chigawo akale, wofooka ndipo amadalira ndale, wamphamvu ndi kudzidalira Toledo boma (pansi pa dzina chomwecho chakhala mbiri) anapanga mndandanda wa Kupititsa kugonjetsa.

Mu nthawi yochepa iwo kulanda dzikolo pa mbali zonse za Pyrenees, Provence, komanso m'chigawo yaikulu Tarrakonskuyu motsatizana ku Barcelona kuti Cartagena. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Goths (fuko) - akunjawo choyambiriracho awo, anali Ngokhoza kulenga amphamvu kwambiri pa nthawi m'chigawo cha kumadzulo kwa Ulaya.

Kulimbana mphamvu ndi mwazi kuipa

Komabe, mu ulemu wa boma Spain, anali mu ulamuliro wa CE, anali ndi chofooka chachikulu. Izo sizinali likulu, koma zitatu pakati yamalinga ntchito za ntchito imeneyi - Sevilla, Merida ndi Tarragona. Aliyense mizindayi anakhala magnates, amene anaganiza kuti, ndipo palibe wina ali ndi ufulu ulamuliro yekha.

Kumene, mikangano yawo kuthetsa nkhondo zapachiweniweni ndiponso kuphana. Poganizira, tikhoza kunena kuti ndi yolimbirana mphamvu wakhala chifukwa cha tsogolo la boma. Komabe, mbiri ya dziko izo si nkhani imodzi.

mavuto malamulo

Popeza lilipo kwa zaka zitatu, Ufumu wa Toledo Nthawi zonse zochitika za ziwembu andale thupi kuthetsa mafumu. Chifukwa chimodzi chinali pakalibe lamulo la motsatizana. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mfumu imzake ndikudziwa kuti iye akhoza kuika patsogolo mu malo ake aliyense wa ankatumikira wake, pamene kunyalanyaza olandira mwachindunji wa womwalirayo. M'pomveka zimenezi ali chikwiyire chipwirikiti zonse.

Kusiyana malamulo atadzazidwa kamodzi Visigoth mfumu Leovigild. Wachifumu, iye anali yopanda magazi, anakwatira mkazi wa mfumu kale. Kukhala wolamulira wa dzikoli, wandale wanzeru anayamba ndi chakuti promulgated lamulo limene mphamvu anasamutsa kwa mwana wake wamkulu ndipo palibe kwambiri pambuyo pa imfa ya mfumu.

Pa nthawi anapanga mndandanda wa bata mu khoti intriguers. Komanso, Leovigild wotchuka ngati mtsogoleri kwambiri asilikali, nthumwi wochenjera ndi mkulu ogwira. makumi awiri cha ulamuliro wake anakhala "golide zaka" m'mbiri ya boma, pamene Goths (fuko) - Anthu, pamaso ataima pa mlingo ofanana ndi wongosamukasamuka zina theka-molapitsa, analengeza ngati wopanga malamulo a ndondomeko Ulaya.

Mu chifuwa cha Mpingo wa Katolika

Atamwalira Leovigild mu moyo wachipembedzo wa Ufumu zofunika chochitika - mfumu ndi anthu ake onse, makamaka wotsatira wa Chiariani (mmodzi wa zipembedzo Mkhristu, anazindikira chisokonezo), analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa Papa, ndipo ndinapita ku Chikatolika. Izi makamaka kutumikira kulimbikitsa ofukula za mphamvu komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufumu bwino za moyo ndiponso zinthu zauzimu boma.

Zodabwitsa, koma Goths (fuko) mwabweretsa za chiphunzitso cha anthu a Iberia la Spain wonse ndi indivisible kwawo. kulimbikitsa mugwilizano wadziko lonse ndipo amathandiza kuti maonekedwe a thupi lawo la lamulo, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma awiri lotsatira. Anakhala yodalirika Akhristu onse Spain mpaka m'zaka XV.

Kugwa limati Visigoths

Koma ufumu wa Toledo - boma amphamvu kwambiri amene anachokera kwa yawonongedwa a m'chigawo Roma, tsoka linatulutsidwa kokha mpaka zaka zitatu. Kupanga yaitali ndi zovuta njira, inagwa mosayembekezereka. Izo zinachitika mu VIII atumwi, pamene linamizidwa agonjetsi mosatonthozeka Arab. Toledtsy sanathe zokanira, ndi azambiriyakale kuona izi pa zifukwa zingapo.

Monga mmodzi wa iwo akutchedwa chokana kumenya nkhondo ankhondowo wa gawo la anthu amene ali pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana kusakhutira ndi amene alipo. Komanso, pa nthawi iyi dziko waphimba mliri, ndi zokometsera ambiri anakhala nkuyamba. Koma malinga ndi ofufuza kwambiri, chifukwa chachikulu chinali kukula kwambiri chiyambi cha VIII m'ma yolimbirana wachifumu pakati pa mabanja otchuka. Ngakhale alipo kwa zaka zambiri, lamulo la motsatizana, omwe anenedwa ndi adani a Spain ndi Aarabu kale zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pa mpando wachifumu wake akhala mafumu asanu. Zimenezi odziwikiratu.

Pali umboni kuti pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumu yomaliza wachifumu Wittiza ndi malamulo a mwana wake Agil, khoti, atacita pamunda wina, anapereka protege wake Rodrigo. Wolowa nyumba, kukhumudwa ndi osafuna kumvera kugonjetsedwa, inachita pangano chinsinsi ndi Aluya, chimene, zothandizira, iye adzawapatsa mu dzikolo mbali yaikulu ya dziko. Izi kuperekedwa zauve ndi kuthandiza Aluya mosavuta akathyole Spain, limene ankalamulira zitatha izi kwa pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Pomaliza kukambirana amene Goths (fuko) mu mbiri European wa woyamba Zakachikwi AD, tisaiwale kuti nthawi zambiri dzina ntchito poyerekezera ndi mitundu ina alibe chochita ndi iwo. Nthawi zina zimachitika maina consonance. Mwachitsanzo, okonzeka nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi Huns amene tinakambirana m'nkhani ino, ndi kuti ali adani awo analumbira. Nthawi zina pali mwamtheradi wi sizopeka, omwe amakhudza Mwachitsanzo, Asilavo mafuko wokonzeka.

Nthawi zambiri, mbiri ya mtundu uwu, dzina lake zinadzala ndi chinachake epic ndi Herculean amakhalabe kwakukulukulu mwachinsinsi kuti mapeto unexplored. Kuyambira masamba a mbiri yakale mmene aziwerenga maina phokoso - tulga, Wamba, Athanagild. Koma kutineneza ichi ndi mabodza ndi mphamvu maginito kuti amakopeka ife mobwerezabwereza kusuzumira kuya chinsisi cha zaka.