Ndi Nyumba Kodi

Ngati mudzapempha munthu bwino sayansi pa mlingo wa kudziwa zinthu zimene Nyumba zotsatira ndipo kumene ntchito, inu simungakhoze kupeza yankho. N'zosadabwitsa, mu zenizeni Masiku ano izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri. Ndipotu, Nyumba zotsatira ntchito zipangizo zambiri zamagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, kamodzi wotchuka kompyuta abulusa floppy litayamba Mzimuyo udindo woyambirira wa galimoto ntchito Nyumba ya magudumu. masensa yoyenera ali "anagwidwa" ndipo mu chiwembu cha abulusa amakono kwa ma CD (onse CD ndi DVD). Komanso, ntchito sakuphatikizapo zida zosiyanasiyana choyezera, koma mphamvu magudumu ngakhale magetsi zochokera kusintha kutentha kwa mtsinje wa particles mlandu ndi maginito (MHD).

Edwin Herbert Hall mu chaka cha 1879, kuchititsa zatsopano ndi mbale conductive, mwachisawawa anapeza pakuwonana koyamba, lingathe zosayembekezereka wa chodabwitsa ndi (nkhawa) mu mogwirizana kwa magetsi kumunda panopa ndi maginito. Koma zinthu oyamba.

Tiyeni tichite pang'ono kuganiza kuyesera: kutenga mbale zitsulo ndi kudutsa izo magetsi inawadutsa. Kenako, kuziyika izo mu kunja maginito kuti mizere ya mphamvu kumunda ndi zochokera perpendicular kwa ndege ya mbale conductive. Chifukwa, nkhope (kudutsa malangizo a pano), kusiyana angathe. Izi ndi Nyumba kwenikweni. Chifukwa pakuwonekera kwake amadziwika Lorentz mphamvu.

Pali njira kudziwa kufunika kwa voteji chotsatira (limatchedwa Hall kuthekera). Mawu ambiri amatenga mawonekedwe:

U = ee * H,

kumene H - mbale makulidwe; Ee - mphamvu ya m'munda kunja.

Popeza lingathe chifukwa kusokonekera mlandu zonyamulira mu wochititsa, iwo okha (ndondomeko si mpaka kalekale). Ofananira kayendedwe ka mlandu adzaleka pa nthawi imene kufunika kwa mphamvu Lorentz (F = Q * ndime * B) kwa opotoka chitsutso Q * ee (Q - kuyang'anira).

Popeza osalimba panopa J ndi wofanana ndi mankhwala mlandu osalimba, liwiro lawo ndi mfundo munthu wa Q, i.e.

J = N * Q * V,

motero,

ndime = J / (Q * n).

Choncho (yolumikiza chilinganizo mwamphamvu):

Ee = B * (J / (Q * n)).

Phatikizani onse a pamwamba ndi kudziwa angathe holo kudzera mtengo wa mlandu:

U = (J * B * H) / N * Q).

Nyumba zotsatira zikusonyeza kuti nthawi zina mu zitsulo ndi mwaonapo elekitironi ndi dzenje conduction. Mwachitsanzo, ndi cadmium, beryllium, ndi nthaka. Kuphunzira Hall anachita semiconductors, panali N'zosakayikitsa kuti mlandu zonyamulira - ndi "dzenje". Komabe, monga kale anasonyeza, izo ndi ntchito zitsulo. Iye akhapidziwa kuti pamene mlandu yogawa (mapangidwe yomangayi) wamba vekitala aumbike mwa ma elekitironi (chizindikiro chochotsera). Komabe, kunapezeka kuti munda panopa sikulenga ma elekitironi. Zochita chuma ichi ntchito kudziwa kachulukidwe mlandu zonyamulira mu nkhani semiconducting.

No zochepa amadziwika kwadzidzidzi Hall zotsatira (1982). Bwaloli ndi limodzi mwa katundu wa ziwiri ooneka enieni elekitironi mpweya conduction (particles ndi ufulu kusuntha mbali ziwiri zokha) pansi zikhalidwe za kutentha otsika kwambiri ndiponso minda kunja maginito. kuli "kugawikana" anapeza pamene kuphunzira mmene. Panali zakukhudzani mlanduwo si popangidwa ndi onyamula umodzi (1 + 1 + 1), ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu (1 + 1 + 0.5). Komabe, kunapezeka kuti palibe malamulo ndizowonongeka. Malinga ndi Pauli mfundo iliyonse elekitironi m'munda maginito analenga ngati kuwala kwa otaya mmene kanyamaka. Ndi kukula m'munda mwamphamvu vuto n'lakuti pamene zofanana ndi "= chimodzi elekitironi mmene kanyamaka" ikutha kukhuta. Aliyense tinthu ndi quanta angapo a kamwazi maginito. Izi particles latsopano ndi ndendende chifukwa cha chifukwa fractional pamene Nyumba kwenikweni.