Physicochemical katundu wa gasi. Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito gasi

Boma gaseous wa nkhani - ambiri poyerekeza ndi magawo ena akaphatikiza kugwirizana. Ndipotu boma:

• nyenyezi;
• interstellar danga;
• dziko;
• mlengalenga;
• thambo lonse.

Waukulu zimasiyanitsa katundu mpweya - ndi ofooka intermolecular ankachita mu latisi Krustalo, chifukwa cha zomwe amaoneka ndi makhalidwe onse waukulu wa zinthu zimenezi. Gasi, ndithudi, kwambiri. Komabe, tikambirana zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi wachitatu ambiri padziko lathuli - masoka.

gasi: Kaonekedwe

Ngati zimaonetsa zikuchokera Mkhalidwe wa gasi, m'pofunika yomweyo kuonetsetsa zigawo za magulu awiri: organic ndi zochita kupanga. Chifukwa ngakhale amaganiza kuti wapangidwa ndi methane, koma zimenezi si zoona.

zigawo Organic monga:

• dziko - CH _4;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• byuteni - C ₄ H _10;
• ethane - C ₂ H _4;
• chimasanduka ankawonjezereka ndi mpweya ambiri kuposa asanu.

zigawo Mankwala monga mankhwala zotsatirazi:

• haidrojeni (zochepa) - H _2;
• mpweya woipa - NKHA _2;
• helium - osati;
• asafe - N _2;
• sulfide wa hydrogen - H ₂ S.

Kodi kwenikweni zikuchokera osakaniza makamaka zimadalira gwero lake, i.e. madipoziti. The zifukwa zofanana ndi osiyanasiyana katundu physico-mankhwala gasi. Komabe, aliyense wa iwo yotengedwa ndi phindu alinso wina. Monga mtundu ntchito nkhuni, ndipo kwambiri zosafunika yachilendo kwambiri mafuta ntchito makampani mankhwala kwa kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala.

Physicochemical katundu wa gasi

Kuti musankhe magawo izi ndendende, muyenera kudziwa ndendende zimene zikuchokera kusakaniza mafuta. Ndipotu, ngati apambana makamaka wa methane (97%) m'menemo, makhalidwe akhoza lotengeka, motsogozedwa pa iye.

Ngati chigawo zochita kupanga kapena chimasanduka katundu owonjezera (peresenti angapo), pamene physico-mankhwala zimatha kusintha mpweya mwadzidzidzi.

Choncho yekha pafupifupi magawo malire pa maonekedwe akhoza mwachindunji.

1. Mowiriza poyatsira kutentha - 650-700 ⁰ C.
2. The octeni chiwerengero - 120-130.
3. Ilibe mtundu, kukoma ndi kununkhiza.
4. Opepuka kuposa mpweya pafupifupi 2 khola, zosavuta kuganizira mu chipinda chapamwamba.
5. The kachulukidwe ya munthu wabwinobwino boma (mpweya) - 0,68-0,85 makilogalamu / mamita ^3.
6. M'mikhalidwe muyezo, nthawi zonse kukhala mu mkhalidwe gaseous wa loitanirana.
7. Pamene wothira mpweya zedi a 5-15% ndi ngozi za kuphulika.
8. Calorific mtengo - 46 MJ / mamita ^3.

Komanso, tisaiwale ndi mankhwala magawo mpweya mbali.

1. Ndi kuyaka kwambiri, amatha kudziletsa azinyadira Pamene ntchito nsakali ndi wopanda pa kutentha zina.
2. Popeza chigawo chachikulu - methane, kuti ali onse mankhwala katundu wake.
3. Amalowa zochita M'MALO, dehydrogenation pyrolysis amaloŵamo refraction.
4. Wothinikizidwa ndi liquefied pa otsika kutentha ndi mavuto okwera.

N'zoonekeratu kuti physico-mankhwala katundu wa mafuta kudziwa osiyanasiyana ntchito makampani.

The wapadera katundu wa gasi

The katundu wapadera mankhwala awa - amatha kupanga madipoziti mpweya hydrate, ndiko boma olimba. nyumba chikuimira mgodi wa mamolekyulu madzi odzipereka mu kukweza kwa gasi mu chiŵerengero cha 1/220. Choncho, madipoziti awa ali wolemera kwambiri mitundu. Malo maganizo awo mu uthunthu:

• pallets zigawo kwambiri pa nyanja;
• kudzikundikira Madzi oundana.

Zikhalidwe za kukhalako - kuthamanga hydrodynamic ndi kutentha otsika.

Gasi munda

Ngati ife kulankhula za zili wa gasi mu chikhalidwe, n'zotheka kudziwa malo chachikulu cha ndende:

1. Izi chitayiko phiri, mchere, amene anapanga ambiri zaka anaerobic kuwola wa organic mu zigawo zozama za matanthwe a.
2. Kusungunuka pansi.
3. M'gulu mafuta, kupanga mafuta ndi gasi kapu pa izo.
4. Kumachitika mu mawonekedwe a hydrates mafuta zigawo pa nyanja, ndi mfundo kwambiri kumpoto.

Ngati ife potanthauza kufalitsa madipoziti mwachirengedwe gasi, atsogoleri a mayiko otsatirawa:

• Russia.
• Gulf mayiko.
• US.
• Canada.
• Iran.
• Kazakhstan.
• Azerbaijan.
• Uzbekistan.
• Norway.
• Turkmenistan.
• Netherlands.

Kupanga mu dziko chaka pafupifupi thililiyoni 3,643 mamita ³ pachaka. Awa okha nkhani Russia 673 460 000 000 mamita ^3.

Kutentha kwa gasi, kumene kutenthedwa, ndi 650 ⁰ C. Kutanthauza kuti mlingo pa chomwe amatha kudziletsa azinyadira. Izi akumasula wambiri kwambiri kutentha kuposa pa kuyaka kwa mafuta ena aliwonse. Mwachibadwa, sangathe bwanji kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya thunthu.

N'chifukwa chake m'mayiko ambiri amene alibe nkhokwe gasi, kuti kuitanitsa izo ochokera m'mayiko ena. Apaulendo anachita mu njira zingapo:

• ndi payipi mu mawonekedwe gaseous;
• mu akasinja a njira nyanja - mu madzi mawonekedwe;
• mu magalimoto sitima thanki - LPG.

Aliyense wa njira ali ndi ubwino ndi kuipa. Makamaka m'madzi ndipo njanji options kudzanso kuyambira reactivity mpweya liquefied mu zonenepa utakhazikika kwambiri m'munsi kuposa boma gaseous. payipi The Komanso kumawonjezera kufala osiyanasiyana ndi mabuku, kuwonjezera, njira imeneyi ndi chuma opindulitsa.

Dziko mu zikuchokera gasi

Dziko mpweya ndi yaikulu zopangira chigawo chimodzi zikuchokera osakaniza zachilengedwe. wokhutira ranges kuchokera 70-98%. Palokha, ichi ndi wachitatu ambiri dziko mpweya akulowa mafuta zikuchokera, malo interstellar, zinkakhalira maplaneti ena.

Kwa zasayansi, dziko mpweya - zimalimbikitsa hydrocarbon, zokhudza mndandanda wa mankhwala zimalimbikitsa aliphatic. Nthumwi woyamba wa alkanes kapena paraffins. reactivity ake ndi otsika, ndi bata ndithu. Akhoza kuchita:

• M'MALO;
• wathunthu makutidwe ndi okosijeni;
• kutembenuka.

Olimba colorless utsi mfundo, alibe fungo.

Mitundu ya gasi

Pali mitundu itatu waukulu wa chinthu funso.

1. Youma gasi - ndi imodzi imene oposa 97% dziko. Ndiko kuti, zili zosafunika, kuphatikizapo chimasanduka ena, ndi wochepa kwambiri.
2. The mpweya Taphunzira. Chotero anaitana osakaniza munali wamng'ono kuchuluka kwa chimasanduka lolemera.
3. Mnthawi gasi - wina wolemera chimasanduka ankawonjezereka ndi mbali zochita kupanga (asafe, wa hydrogen, helium, argon, carbon dioxide, sulfide wa hydrogen).

Mfundo yoteroyo ngati koyefishienti mpweya dryness, kupenda khalidwe la zipangizo ku zimene hereinafter adzakhala kutulutsa katundu. Ndipotu, gasi palokha - yekha m'munsi. Pakuti mafakitale osiyana katunduyo awo, choncho bwino kukonzedwa ndi kuyeretsa malinga ndi zofunika zenizeni.

amasokoneza

Natural mpweya khalidwe mwachindunji amadalira zikuchokera. Ngati dziko chichitika, ndiye mankhwala adzakhala bwino ngati gwero la mafuta. Ngati Komabe, kwambiri zikuchokera chimasanduka mafuta, zomangira yaiwisi makampani mankhwala a - yoyenera kwambiri.

Kupereka mpweya wabwino, pali wapadera mankhwala zomera, kumene bwinobwino kutsukidwa pamaso processing zina ndi anatumiza kwa kokafikira. Njira ntchito kudzadalira cholinga chimene mankhwala cholinga.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati kumwedwa zoweta, ndiye anawonjezera zinthu zapadera, odorants, monga mercaptans. Izi zachitika kuti fungo la mafuta wakhala, chifukwa ndiye vuto la kutayikira zidzakhala zosavuta kudziwa. mercaptans onse ndi fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala.

Ntchito gasi

Kumwa gasi ikuchitika m'mafakitale ambiri ndi zinthu. Mwachitsanzo:

• CHP.
• Kukatentha zipinda.
• injini mafuta.
• Chemical kupanga (kupanga mapulasitiki ndi zipangizo zina).
• Mafuta a magalimoto.
• Kutentha kwa malo.
• Kuphika.

Choncho, kupanga dziko la zipangizo ndi chopambana, ndipo imports ndi zogulitsa kunja akuti pa mabiliyoni ambiri.

Mbali zachilengedwe

Ku maganizo a chiyero cha chikhalidwe bwino mafuta gwero kuposa gasi. mabungwe Environmental kwathunthu amavomereza ntchito zake. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuyaka mpweya kumayambitsa kudzikundikira wina wa mankhwala anachita - mpweya.

Ndipo ngati limakhudza mpweya woipa, dziko la nkhosa zake n'zoopsa kwambiri. Choncho imachitika ntchito zambiri, ntchito pofuna kuteteza boma zachilengedwe za padziko lapansi kuchokera imene yatsala zotsatira kutentha.