Shuga ndi chiyani? Kupeza shuga ndi katundu

Shuga mu chi Helene amatanthauza "okoma". Mu chikhalidwe, lalikulu zedi izo zimapezeka timadziti zipatso ndi zipatso, kuphatikizapo madzi mphesa, ndi chifukwa Anthu ambiri lotchedwa "shuga vinyo".

History of anapeza

Shuga linatsegulidwa pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi English dokotala, sayansi ndi nzeru zapamwamba William Prout. Wotchuka thunthu analandira pambuyo pa 1819 ndi Henri Brakkono adalisolola kwa utuchi.

thupi katundu

Shuga ndi ndi colorless crystalline ufa zokoma kukoma. Ndi mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi, moyikirapo sulfuric asidi, nthaka mankhwala enaake ndi reagent Schweitzer a.

kapangidwe maselo

Ngati monosaccharides onse, shuga ndi pawiri heterofunctional (mu molekyulu ndi zambiri hydroxyl ndi gulu carboxyl). Pankhani ya shuga carboxyl gulu ndi aldehyde.

Mkuluyu chilinganizo C6H12O6 shuga. Mamolekyulu kwa thunthu ndi dongosolo ozungulira ndi isomers awiri okhudza malo a Alpha ndi beta mitundu. Mu olimba mawonekedwe boma chimaposa Alpha pafupifupi 100%. Mu njira, ndi wolimba Yoyeserera mawonekedwe (pamatenga pafupifupi 60%). Shuga ndi mapeto mankhwala a hydrolysis ndi disaccharides poly-, i.e. yokonza shuga akupezeka nambala yosatheka milandu wapatsidwa njira.

Kupeza mankhwala

Mu chikhalidwe shuga anapanga zomera chifukwa cha photosynthesis. Taganizirani njira mafakitale ndi zasayansi yopangira shuga. Zasayansi, thunthu chifukwa cha aldol condensation. Makampani, njira yofala ndi kubala shuga kuchokera wowuma.

Wowuma - ndi polysaccharide, amene monochasti ndi shuga mamolekyulu. Ndiko kuti, kupeza m'pofunika kuwola ndinso ndi polysaccharide mu monochasti lapansi. Kodi ndondomeko imeneyi?

Kukonzekera wowuma shuga limayamba ndi chakuti wowuma aikidwa mu chidebe cha madzi ndipo analimbikitsa (wowuma mkaka). chidebe wina ndi madzi anabweretsa kwa chithupsa. Tikumbukenso kuti kuwira madzi ayenera kukhala kawiri kuposa wowuma mkaka. Pofuna kupeza shuga anachita unachitikira mpaka mapeto, chothandizira ndi chofunika. Pankhaniyi akutumikira hydrochloric kapena asidi sulfuric. Kuchuluka masamu anawonjezera kuti thanki ya madzi otentha. Pang'onopang'ono anazitsanulira wowuma mkaka. Mu ndondomekoyi, sibwino kuti phala, ngati onse ndi ofanana inakhalapo, ayenera kupitiriza kuwira mpaka mofulumira yake. Pafupifupi kuwira amatenga theka la ola. Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti wowuma kwathunthu hydrolyzed, m'pofunika kuchita kuyankha Mkhalidwe. Mu chitsanzo anasankha anawonjezera ayodini. Ngati madzi amakhala mtundu buluu, ndiye hydrolysis si kusasanyiwa, ndipo ngati tikhala bulauni kapena red-bulauni, ndiye wowuma njira kulibenso. Koma njira si kwa shuga, izo kulandira ndi chothandizira, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti asidi ukuchitika. Kodi kuchotsa chidulo? Yankho lake ndi losavuta: thandizo n'chongoletsa choko choyera ndi finely anayamba kugwa zadothi.

Neutralization kufufuzidwa litmus mayeso. Komanso pali imathandiza yankho chifukwa. Ndi kakang'ono: chifukwa madzi colorless ayenera asanduke nthunzi. timibulu anapanga ndipo zotsatira wathu wotsiriza. Tsopano tiyeni tione kupeza shuga kuchokera wowuma (anachita).

Mankhwala ndi ndondomeko

aone kuti pali Izi zikufotokozedwa kupeza shuga wapakatikati - maltose. Maltose - disaccharide ongokhala mamolekyulu awiri shuga. Limasonyeza kuti njira yopangira shuga kwa wowuma ndi maltose mofanana. Ndiko kuti, tikhoza kupereka aone kuti pali potsatira njira zotani.

Kumapeto ayenera n'cigwagwa Nzofunikira kupeza shuga kwa wowuma ndi bwino.

Prerequisites

• chothandizira (hydrochloric acid kapena asidi sulfuric);
• kutentha (osachepera 100 madigiri);
• kuthamanga (mumlengalenga okwanira, koma kuchuluka kuthamanga Iyamba).

Njira imeneyi ndi zovuta, ndi mkulu zokolola za chomaliza mankhwala ndi mowa mphamvu kochepa. Koma iye anali yekha. Kukonzekera shuga ndi mapadi chomwecho.

Kukonzekera mapadi

Akamanena za ndondomeko ndi pafupifupi kwathunthu limafanana anachita m'mbuyomo.

Izo zimasonyeza yokonza shuga (chilinganizo) wa mapadi. Ndipotu, ndondomeko ndi locholoŵana kwambiri ndi mphamvu kwambiri. Motero, anthufe anachita, ndi zinyalala ku makampani nkhuni, wosweka ndi nusu amene tinthu kukula 1.1 - 1.6 mm. mankhwala mankhwala oyamba ndi asidi acetic, ndiye hydrogen peroxide, ndiye ndi asidi sulfuric pa kutentha osati madigiri poyerekeza 110, ndi mowa chiŵerengero 5. Kutalika kwa ndondomekoyi maola 3-5. Kenako pa maola awiri chimafikira hydrolysis ndi asidi sulfuric firiji ndi mowa chiŵerengero cha 4-5. Ndiye wasukuluka ndi madzi ndi inversion kwa maola pafupifupi imodzi ndi theka.

Njira mtima kachulukidwe wa

M'nkhaniyi takambirana njira zonse chotenga shuga ayenera kufufuza njira quantification. Pali nthawi zina pamene ndondomeko ayenera kuchita yokha yothetsera munali shuga, i.e. madzi evaporation ndondomeko kupeza timibulu - zosafunika. Funso ndiye chimakhala mmene kudziwa ndende zomwe wa chinthu mwa njira. The analandira kuchuluka kwa shuga mu njira anatsimikiza mtima spectrophotometric, polarimetric ndi njira chromatographic. Pali mtima njira kutchula - puloteni (kudzera glucosidase enzyme). Pankhaniyi kuwerengedwa ndi kale mankhwala a zochita za puloteni imeneyi.

Ntchito shuga

Mu mankhwala, ntchito shuga kuledzera (zingakhale kapena chakudya poyizoni kapena zochitika matenda). Mu nkhani iyi, shuga njira ndi kutumikiridwa m'nsinga ndi dropper a. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mankhwala Shuga wa M'magazi ndi antioxidant konsekonse. Komanso si mbali yaing'ono mankhwala masewero kudziwika ndi matenda a shuga. Apa shuga amachita ngati mayesero nkhawa.

Mu adzasowa chakudya ndi kuphika shuga ali ndi malo ofunika kwambiri. Payokha, ayenera kuzindikira udindo wa shuga mu vinyo, mowa ndi ndi moonshining. Zimatanthauza njira monga kupeza Mowa ndi nayonso mphamvu ya shuga. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko imeneyi.

kupeza mowa

Kagwiridwe yopangira mowa ali masitepe awiri: nayonso mphamvu ndi distillation. Nayonso mphamvu, nawonso, mwa mabakiteriya. The umisiri wachita kale ayipanga chikhalidwe cha tizilombo kuti amakulolani kuti mowa zokolola pazipita nthawi wotsikitsitsa zinapita. Tsiku ndi tsiku tebulo mu yisiti ochiritsira angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati wothandizira anachita.

Choyamba, shuga ndiye kuti sitimadzipereka mu madzi. Mu chotengera ayipanga tizilombo wina ntchito. Kenako, madzi analandira anali kugwedezeka logwedezeka ndi kuikidwa chidebe ndi mpweya umene chubu. chubu izi chikugwirizana ndi mzake (U-zooneka). Pakati pa chubu chachiwiri ladzala ndi madzi laimu. Mapeto a chubu yotsekedwa ndi pakamwapo mphira ndi dzenje galasi ndodo kukhala mapeto kukopedwa.

chidebe ichi aikidwa mu imodzi pa kutentha kwa madigiri 25-27 masiku anayi. The turbidity chubu Kudzaonedwa ndi madzi laimu, kusonyeza kuti anatani nazo mpweya. Kamodzi mpweya woipa ikutha kuti aime, nayonso mphamvu akhoza ankaona ngati anamaliza. Izi pamakhala distillation sitepe. Laboratory ntchito distillation a Reflux mowa - akudutsa madzi ozizira, potero yozizira mpweya zinapangidwa posamutsa ilo mmbuyo kwa zipangizo madzimadzi imene pa mpanda kunja.

Pa nthawi imeneyi madzimadzi kuti ndi udindo wathu kwa aisonkhezere digiri 85-90. Choncho adzakhala asanduke nthunzi mowa, madzi si anabweretsa kwa chithupsa.

A limagwirira chopezera mowa

Taganizirani kupeza mowa kwa shuga mu aone kuti pali anachita: C6H12O6 + 2CO2 = 2S2N5ON.

Choncho, mwina kudziŵika kuti limagwirira kupanga Mowa kwa shuga ndi wosavuta. Komanso kudziwika kwa anthu kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo anabweretsa pafupifupi ku ungwiro.

Mtengo wa shuga mu moyo wa munthu

Choncho, pokhala ndi kumvetsa zina cha nkhani iyi, katundu thupi ndi mankhwala, ntchito zosiyanasiyana za mafakitale, tinganene kuti shuga izi. Kupeza iye mu polysaccharides ndi kale amawathandiza kumvetsa kuti monga mbali yaikulu ya dzuwa lonse, shuga ndi gwero zofunika mphamvu kwa anthu. Chifukwa, kagayidwe chuma anapanga adenosine triphosphate, amene n'kukhala gulu la mphamvu.

Koma si onse shuga wolowera thupi mu kubwezeretsa mphamvu. Mu akudzuka boma munthu amapanga 50 peresenti yokha ya shuga chifukwa mu ATP. Enawo ndi n'kukhala glycogen ndipo amasonkhana mu chiwindi. Glycogen waonongeka pa nthawi, potero malamulo shuga. Quantitatively, nkhani ya mankhwala mu thupi - chizindikiro mwachindunji thanzi lake. Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi zimadalira kugwira ntchito m'thupi la machitidwe onse. Choncho, M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti ntchito yambiri pa thunthu kungayambitse mavuto aakulu.

Shuga ndi koyamba losavuta ndi zomveka mankhwala onse. Ngakhale mu mawu a kapangidwe ka tinthu ake ndi dongosolo osavuta, ndi katundu mankhwala bwino ndi bwino tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma, ngakhale, shuga ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa onse aliyense madera onse a moyo wake.