The Chernobyl tsoka: makhalidwe ndi zinthu

April 26, 2016 dziko lonse kuyatsa makandulo ndipo anakumbukira ngoziyo loopsa anagawa mbiri yakale pambuyo pa zaka 30 pambuyo Chernobyl tsoka. April 26 - tsiku pamene anthu pa Dziko Lapansi aphunzira mmene tingathe kumachita "mtendere" atomu. Pafupifupi maiko onse European anamva zotsatira za kuphulika pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu.

wakuda tsiku

Chernobyl tsoka - kuphulika ndi chiwonongeko cha chachinayi riyakitala nyukiliya - zinachitika pa Chernobyl magetsi. Kuphulika zinachitika pa usiku wa 26 pa April 1986 chaka 01:24. Akufa usiku mu mzinda anthu onse anali m'tulo, ndipo palibe amene amaganiziridwa kuti tsiku ichi chisintha moyo wa masauzande anthu.

Kuyambira pamenepo, chaka chilichonse pa dera la mayiko Union ndi tsiku chikumbukiro cha tsoka Chernobyl monga kowopsa kwambiri ndi ngozi aakulu mu mphamvu nyukiliya.

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za Chernobyl

The Chernobyl tsoka zinachitika pa nyukiliya magetsi (CNPP), yomwe ili pa dera la SSR Chiyukireniya (tsopano Ukraine), makilomita atatu okha ku mudzi wa Pripyat, ndi zina zana makilomita ku Kiev - likulu la SSR Chiyukireniya ndi Ukraine ano. Pa nthawi ya kuwonongeka mu Pripyat anthu pafupifupi 50,000 okhala, ndipo ambiri a iwo ankagwira ntchito pa mphamvu za nyukiliya Mmera wonse, umene akudyetsedwa pafupifupi mzinda wonse.

Pa tsiku la tsoka pa siteshoni umagwira mayunitsi anayi, kulephera kwa mmodzi amene anali kuchititsa ngozi. Wina mayunitsi awiri zinamangidwa ndipo posakhalitsa kulowa ntchito.

The Chernobyl magetsi anali amphamvu kuti 1/10 anapereka magetsi zosowa USSR onse.

Kulephera kwa mphamvu chachinayi

The Chernobyl tsoka chinachitika mu 1986. Izi zinachitika pa Loweruka, April 26, mu theka lachiwiri la usiku. Chifukwa cha amphamvu kuphulika chachinayi wagawo kufuzika osatinso kukonzedwa. Mu masekondi loyamba siteshoni, kupha antchito awiri amene anali pa nthawi umakhala pafupi riyakitala lapansi. moto yomweyo. The riyakitala kutentha anali kwambiri moti onse kuti panali (zitsulo, simenti, mchenga, mafuta), kusungunuka.

Chernobyl tsoka tsiku linada bii kwa mazana a zikwi za anthu. Kumasulidwa kwa zinthu nyukiliya chifukwa chaukali nyukiliya kuipitsidwa osati USSR komanso onse a ku Ulaya.

ngozi Kuwerengera

April 25, anafunika kukonza makonzedwe a riyakitala, komanso ngati mayesero a boma latsopano la riyakitala lapansi. Patsogolo ntchito yokonza wakhala kwambiri yafupika ndi protocol wa mphamvu riyakitala pa nthawi imeneyo, iye anagwira% 20-30 yekha wa dzuwa ake. Mogwirizana ndi dongosolo yokonza monga kuzirala pangozi ya riyakitala anali ikanazimitsidwa. Chifukwa, mphamvu linanena bungwe amagwa 500 MW, pamene mphamvu akhoza imathandizira mpaka 3200 MW. Mozungulira hafu pasiti usiku, woyendetsa analephera kusungabe riyakitala mphamvu pa mlingo boma, ndipo wagwa kuti pafupifupi ziro.

ndodo anatenga miyeso kuonjezera mphamvu, ndi khama lawo anali korona bwino - anayamba kukula. Komabe, ORM (ntchito reactivity malire) anapitiriza kugwa. Akafike mphamvu 200 MW, kuphatikizapo mapampu eyiti, kuphatikizapo zina. Koma kumwa madzi, riyakitala kuzirala ndinali wamng'ono, chifukwa cha zomwe wayamba kuonjezera pang'onopang'ono kutentha mkati riyakitala posachedwapa anafika kuwira mfundo.

The anakonza kuyesera ndi kuwonjezeka riyakitala mphamvu inayamba mu 1:23:04. Start wopambana, ndi mphamvu kuyambira kukula mofulumira. Chotero awonjezere zinakonzedwa ndi siteshoni ndodo sanapereke maonekedwe zokwanira. Kale mu 1:23:38 izo wopita alamu, ndipo mayeso ankayenera kuti anasiya pomwepo kusiya ntchitoyi ndi kubweza riyakitala boma wapachiyambi. Koma zimenezo ndi kupitirirabe. A masekondi angapo, dongosolo kulandira zizindikiro za kuwonjezeka mofulumira mphamvu riyakitala, ndipo chinachitika 01:24 Chernobyl tsoka - adawomba kuphulika. The riyakitala chachinayi yake inawonongedwa, ndi kumasulidwa kwa zinthu nyukiliya mu mlengalenga.

zomwe zingayambitse wa ngozi

Mu lipoti mu 1993 ananena zifukwa zotsatirazi kuti ngozi pa riyakitala ndi:

• Ambiri nsikidzi magetsi ogwira, komanso kuphwanya malamulo zimenezo.
• Kupitiriza ntchito, ngakhale kuti riyakitala zinthu olakwika, ndodo ankafuna kumaliza zimenezo, zivute zitani.
• The riyakitala pakokha zogwirizana ndi mfundo chitetezo, pamene anali ndi mavuto kwambiri structural.
• Anthu ogwira ntchito achinyamata sanamvetse mbali zonse ndi riyakitala lapansi.
• kulankhulana osauka pakati pa ntchito ndi riyakitala.

Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, Chornobyl tsoka zinachitika chifukwa kuwonjezeka kusalankhula mphamvu ya riyakitala nyukiliya, siyani kukula umene unali zosatheka.

Ena kuyang'ana chifukwa cha ngozi si zolakwa opareshoni, ndi zokhumba za chilengedwe. Pa nthawi imeneyi, pamene kuphulika kunachitika, izo zinalembedwa zivomerezi mantha, ndiko kuti, malinga ndi Baibulo limodzi chivomezi yaing'ono anachititsa riyakitala Kusakhazikika.

Pali lina lomwe zimayambitsa ngozi - ndi zithunzi. Utsogoleri Soviet anafuna saboteurs, monga kupewa kuzindikira mfundo yakuti riyakitala inamangidwa ndi kuyan'anila ndi ogwira ntchito kumeneko sanali monga oyenerera kugwira mavuto oterowo.

The zotsatira za Chernobyl tsoka

Chernobyl tsoka tsiku anapha anthu ambiri. Kuyambira kuphulika anafa ziwalo awiri siteshoni, mmodzi wa konkire polotka kugwa, wachiwiri anafa m'mawa anavulazidwa. zoipa kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi anthu amene anachita nawo kuchotsa kuda ngozi - 134 siteshoni ogwira ntchito mamembala a magulu kupulumutsidwa anali poyera kuti amphamvu ray walitsa. Onse a iwo anayamba matenda poizoni 28 a iwo anafa chifukwa kuipitsidwa cheza Patapita miyezi yochepa.

Pa phokoso la kuphulika yomweyo anachita firefighters mzinda. Lamulo analamulira Telyatnikov lalikulu. Akusowa zochita Telyatnikova ndi gulu lake zathandiza kuti kufala kwa moto, mwinamwake zotsatira akanakhala zambiri zoopsa. Telyatnikov yekha anapulumuka zikomo yekha ndi zovuta opaleshoni ubongo, amene anamlenga England. Woyamba oyang'anira zochitika anafika brigade mkulu Pravik, amene anafa chifukwa kukhudzana lolemera. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anapha ndi msilikali Kibenok anafika patangodutsa Pravik.

Ndi sikisi koloko m'mawa moto anakwanitsa kupondereza moto. liquidators usiku wonse umene sunadziwe tikuchoka kuti riyakitala analiza, ndipo kotero musaike ngakhale chodzitetezera cheza.

Firefighters adapanga usiku ft kukumbukira tsopano. Only kuyamika ungwazi awo ndi wodzipereka sanali achiphulitse riyakitala lachitatu, amene anali olumikizidwa kwa wachinayi anali umakhala pafupi izo. Ngati si kulimba mtima wa firefighters zotsatira za kuphulika kwa riyakitala wina zovuta kwambiri. Choncho, Mulimonse wodzipereka ku Chernobyl tsoka akalemekeze chikumbukiro firefighters amene ataya moyo wawo polimbana ndi moto Chernobyl. Anasungadi dziko ku ngozi yaikulu.

Kale ola limodzi pambuyo liquidators ngozi unayamba kugwa kwa matenda dzuwa, ndipo ambiri a iwo amene akhala pa kutsogolo, anaphedwa. April 26 Chernobyl tsoka ali anapha anthu ambiri.

Zimene zinachitika. achoke

M'mawa wa pa April 27, (chifukwa ngozi anatenga malo maola 36, pamene anthu anasamuka yomweyo) uthenga chinakonzeka ndi wailesi kwa anthu a Pripyat azipita kumzinda. Ndiye iwo sankadziwa zambiri kunyumba kwawo, iwo sadzabwerera.

April 28 uthenga woyamba anatumizidwa kuti panali tsoka pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera, koma kuti yakuwadzudzumisa riyakitala wakhala anauza. Patapita masiku angapo, anthu mwa utali wozungulira 30 Km wakhala kwathunthu anasamutsidwa. Komabe, anthu amanena kuti adzatha kubwerera mu masiku atatu. Izo zakhala zaka makumi atatu, koma moyo mu mzinda wa Pripyat ndi Chernobyl, iwo sangakhoze.

mphamvu Soviet anali mwamphamvu chete za mfundo za kuphulika kwa riyakitala, za ichi pa TV, ndi mawu anali, ndiye dziko lonse chikondwerero May 1 - Labor Tsiku.

Kucotsa zotsatira zake. Palibe amene akudziwa ngwazi

Kuthetsa mavuto a ngozi ndi "kusindikiza" ndi riyakitala linakhazikitsidwa ntchito yapadera, amene mamembala anaganiza kusiya mu riyakitala ndi osakaniza wapadera wa otsogolera boron munali dilomitov ndalama. Patatha masiku khumi, ndi chimadalira lalikulu la asilikali anafika mu zoni 30 kilometre, pofuna kupewa malowedwe a anthu wamba nawo kuno asayansi ndi liquidators wa ngozi.

M'chaka choyamba chiwerengero cha anthu pangozi wafika pafupifupi 300 zikwi anthu. Mpaka nthawi yathu chiwerengero cha liquidators anakonzeka anthu 600 sauzande. Anthu ntchito mosinthana, chifukwa iwo sakanakhoza yaitali kupirira dzuwa, ena kumanzere, ndipo malo awo litapita latsopano. Mosadzasintha wodzipatula anawononga riyakitala nyukiliya, anaganiza kumanga pa iwo otchedwa "sarcophagus". The sarcophagus woyamba inamangidwa masiku 206, ndipo linamalizidwa mu November 1986.

Pafupifupi chaka kugwira mwambo umenewu. The Chernobyl tsoka odziwika padziko lonse, koma liquidators ambiri omwe sakudziwika. Si zisudzo, osati yowala anthu otchuka amene kusewera pa siteji yabodza kulimbamtima ndi otchuka. Iwo ali otchuka weniweni amene achita zonse kuchepetsa mlingo wa kuipitsidwa nyukiliya kutali zedi. Iwo anapereka miyoyo yawo anatipulumutsa.

World anthu anachita

The Chernobyl tsoka (zithunzi Tingaone m'nkhani) Posachedwapa anadziwika padziko lonse: maiko a ku Ulaya anaona milingo lalitali wa poizoni zinkamveka alamu, ndipo choonadi chinaululidwa. Pambuyo dziko waphunzira za Chernobyl tsoka, nyukiliya magetsi yomanga changotsala pang'ono anasiya m'mayiko ambiri. The United States ndi Ulaya pamaso 2002 chosamanga aliyense nyukiliya magetsi. Asayansi padziko lonse kugwira ntchito pa magwero mphamvu zina. Pa USSR chomwecho pamaso pa ngozi izo zinakonzedwa kumanga 10 ngati zomera mphamvu ndi ambiri mathanki ena kale zikugwira ntchito okwerera, koma zolinga zonse zidzatsekedwa kuyambira zochitika 26 April. The Chernobyl tsoka anasonyeza bwanji zakupha zitha kukhala "mtendere" atomu.

zone kupatulana

Kupatula Pripyat ananyanyalidwa ndi mazana a midzi yaing'ono. 30 kilometre zone padziko siteshoni anayamba kutchedwa "osati nthambi." Lolemera kuipitsa m'dera lonse pansi 200 Km. Akhudzidwa kwambiri, Zhytomyr ndi Kyiv dera, Ukraine, ndi mu Belarus - Gomel Oblast mu Russia - dera Bryansk. Zotupa cheza apezeka ngakhale mu Finland, Norway ndi Sweden, makamaka nkhalango anakhudzidwa.

chiwerengero akudwala khansa pambuyo kulephera otsutsa kuchuluka. Ambiri anayamba kuvutika ndi khansa chithokomiro, chimene chikutsimikizira itapita woyamba wa poizoni.

Madokotala anayamba kulankhula za yakuti ana obadwa kwa makolo kumadera amenewo amadwala vuto lobadwa ndi masinthidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1987 panali mliri wa matenda Down.

Tsoka zina za Chernobyl

Pambuyo dziko waphunzira za ngozi Chernobyl, izo zinasiya kugwira ntchito chifukwa kuopseza cheza kuipitsidwa wamphamvu. Koma patapita zaka zingapo mphamvu yoyamba ndi yachiwiri kachiwiri anayamba ntchito zawo, ndipo kenako anayambitsa mphamvu lachitatu.

Mu 1995 anaganiza kalekale tsekani opangira magetsi. Potsatira njira imeneyi, mu 1996 iye anaima ndi unit woyamba, mu 1999 - wachiwiri, ndipo potsiriza siteshoni chinatsekedwa mu 2000.

Ntchitoyi inayamba zaka ingapo chisankho boma kumanga sarcophagus watsopano, monga zotsatira woyamba cheza sizili zogwirizana amateteza chilengedwe. Choncho, mu 2012 boma Chiyukireniya ali mwalamulo ananena kuti wayamba kale ntchito yomanga dongosolo latsopano zozitetezera. Izo ziyenera kwathunthu losindikizidwa wagawo, ndiponso malinga ndi asayansi, mpweya wa poizoni sudzatha kufyola mu za sarcophagus latsopano. Zomangamanga ayenera kutha ndi 2018, ndipo pafupifupi mtengo cha polojekitiyi chimachititsa madola US oposa 2 biliyoni.

Mu 2009, boma Chiyukireniya zachitika pulogalamu kumaliza siteshoni decontamination, chomwe chidzachitike mu magawo anayi. Gawo lotsiriza zikakwaniritsidwa ndi 2065. Ndi nthawi iyi akuluakulu ndikufuna kwathunthu kutaya kuda pamaso pa malo Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu.

chikumbukiro

April 26 a chaka umachitika Chikumbutso Tsiku la Chernobyl tsoka. Kukumbukira liquidators ndipo akuvutika chifukwa cha ngozi adzalemekezedwa osati CIS, komanso m'mayiko ambiri a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Mu France, mu Paris, pafupi Tower Eiffel mu tsiku unachitikira chochitika kakang'ono komwe anthu tiweramitse mitu pamaso pa ungwazi wa firefighters.

Lililonse sukulu April 26 kuchititsa ola mudziwe, amene ndikuuzeni za mavutowa ndi anthu amene anapulumutsidwa dziko. Ana kuwerenga ndakatulo za Chernobyl tsoka. Andakatulo kudzipereka akatswiri awo wagwa ndipo opulumuka, siyani cheza poizoni, komanso zikwi anthu osalakwa amene amakhudzidwa ndi ngozi.

The chikumbukiro cha Chernobyl tsoka ndi maziko a ambiri mabuku ndi mafilimu Mbali. Mafilimu osati kupanga zoweta, ambiri situdiyo ena ndi atsogoleri anatsindika ntchito yake ya Chernobyl tsoka.

The Chernobyl tsoka ali pakati penipeni pa nkhani ya masewera, "Stalker", ndipo amakhala chiwembu ndi mabuku dazeni luso la dzina chomwecho.
Posachedwapa ngozi Chernobyl zaka 30, koma zotsatira za tsoka zaka sizinathe inathetsedwa, oipa a ena zinthu adzapitiriza kwa zaka. ngozi iyi sizidzakumbukiridwa kwa dziko monga kwambiri wokhala mphamvu ngozi mu mbiri.