Baroque wapamwamba ku Russia. oimira Baroque ku Russia

Izi chodabwitsa ndi zina lodabwitsa kutenga ulamuliro wapamwamba ku zomangamanga ndi luso ku Ulaya mochedwa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, unakhazikitsidwa mu nthawi ya chilengedwe tima wa limati pa maziko a dziko. Iye anali kugwirizana ndi mpingo ndi mabwalo lolemera. Baroque ulemerero ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu zawo. Choncho, pakuti kwenikweni yodziwika ndi chimwambo, ukulu ndi chisoni mankhwala zedi. kalembedwe Izi Chili chikhalidwe zachiphamaso chabe ndipo pali osiyanitsa amphamvu a mamba ndi kayimbidwe, komanso mawonekedwe ndi zipangizo, kuwala ndi mthunzi.

Kufotokozera Baroque

Mwamsanga pamene woyamba sanaitana kalembedwe izi: dziko, sachedwa muyeso, kupusa, pretentious ndi chosakhala ... makhalidwe awa mu nyengo ya kubadwa kwake wakewu mnyozo. Ndipo onse chifukwa cha Baroque sikunafanane ndiye malamulo a luso lakalekale ndi zomangamanga.

Koma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kupeza zofunika zomangamanga latsopano ndi khalidwe. Baroque anabadwa mu Italy. dziko uwu unali pa nthawi imeneyo likulu la chikhalidwe, kumene kalembedwe anayamba ulendo wake kupambana ku Ulaya. Ndipo aliyense States Baroque kuti tikhale ndi makhalidwe mtundu wawo.

zomangamanga Baroque ku Russia, kuphatikizapo, makamaka umakhudza ukulu ndi kuvuta. Iye yodziwika kuchuluka kwa zovuta, monga ulamuliro, mitundu curvilinear, zipilala chachikulu. Pa pamakoma a nyumba za nthawi imeneyo ndipo anati kuchuluka kwa ziboliboli mu Interiors awo. Palinso Mipikisano tiered mzikiti ndi akalumikidzidwa zovuta. A chitsanzo chapadera cha zomangamanga Baroque angatchedwe cha ku Switzerland. Peter mu Vatican. Chosiyana mfundo kalembedwe ndi Atlanteans, caryatids kuchirikiza arches ndi mizati kusewera ntchito, komanso mascarones - sculptural zokongoletsa mu mawonekedwe a mutu wa munthu kapena pamphuno pa nyama kuchokera kutsogolo.

Ndi pa zomangamanga, malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi Baroque ankayimiridwa yosiyanasiyana awo onse ndi chidzalo. mapulani onse amene analenga ntchito zawo kalembedwe ichi, n'kovuta ati. Iwo Italy Bernini, Borromini ndi Maderna, MUTI Jan glaubitz ndi ena ambiri. The Russian wamanga, amene ntchito akhoza zimachitika kwa Baroque, ankaona makamaka Rastrelli. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti zachitika mu dziko lathu mu njira yapadera.

Magwero a Baroque Russian

Chiyambi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu Russia zinali zodzaza ndi zinthu zikuluzikulu. Zotsatirazi bwinobwino Nkhondo kumpoto zambiri kusintha Petro, dziko chinayamba zachikhalidwe, ndi zachuma. Zikamera wa St. Petersburg, nayenso, anali chochitika chofunika, izo chinali chiyambi cha siteji latsopano mu mbiri ya zathu osati, komanso a zomangamanga mdziko. Ndi ndi limeneli ndipo anayamba Kunena zoona, kufalikira kwa zomangamanga Baroque cha m'ma 18. Mu Russia, yomanga likulu ndi mabusa ake asonkhana osati zoweta, komanso amisiri a Ulaya. The odzitukumula uchimo chitukuko m'matauni zinali zochokera miyambo ya zomangamanga Russian.

mumaganiza European Western

Komabe Petersburg zomangamanga nthawi ya Peter Ine, ndipo - kotala zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, ngakhale zachitika analidi dziko makhalidwe ndi udindo wamba, pamene nthawi yomweyo kuganizira zotsatira za chitukuko cha masitaelo ambiri a zomangamanga European Western. Panali monolithic ndipo kwambiri organic maphatikizidwe wa masitaelo wathu komanso akunja mapulani. Choncho anayamba nyengo Baroque mu Russia.

Pankhaniyi, ndondomeko kuloŵerera ndi kulenga processing wa masitaelo Western Ndipotu umabwerera kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, pamene Ivan III anabwera Moscow ntchito Italy. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri chikoka cha alendo kuchuluka pamene mizati kukongoletsa ndi entablature, gables, chepetsa ndi amajambulapo maluwa okongola sculpted pang'onopang'ono anayamba kufalitsa pa zomangamanga Russian.

Baroque wapamwamba ku Russia

iye sakanakhoza kukhala kufalikira mu dziko lathu. Ngakhale kuti anthu otsutsa zidzasokonezedwa classicism pa zomangamanga, iwo ali, koma sanaone mophunzitsa "makoma ndi domes." Mwaukali kutsutsana nyota wa Gothic Chitsitsimutso ndi "Kubadwa Kwatsopano", koma mawu akuti "Baroque" mu Russia ntchito kupewedwa. Wotchuka wamanga Bryullov pa ulendo wopita ku Italy anakwiya ndi "kukoma opotoka" ndi zolengedwa chotheka wa Borromini.

Ndipo mawu akuti "Russian Baroque" mwa Mipingo ya chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi wofufuza N. Sultanov wakale Russian zomangamanga polima. Mu Russia, zinaperekedwa zomangamanga chisanadze Petrine za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Kuyambira pamenepo, panali ganizo la polojekiti, amene gawo loyamba la kalembedwe iyi mu 1640, Angelezi a.

Ndi tanthauzo, Likhachev, Baroque ku Russia amaganiza zina makhalidwe a Kubadwa Kwatsopano, amene sanathe mokwanira kuwonetseredwa. Komabe, mawu akuti "Russian Baroque" mu Russia, ndi ena onse osati konsekonse anavomera ndi akatswiri mu dziko. Motero, ankamuona ngati makonzedwe, koma dzinali anatengedwa mu zizindikiro ogwidwawo.

Yokhala, makhalidwe awo ofanana ndi kalembedwe mannerism. Iwo anatsindika magawo angapo: "Naryshkin", "Golitsyn", "Baroque Petulo Russia" (m'ma 18, kotala woyamba) ndipo "wokhwima" yoimira nthawi Elizabethan. Kalembedwe yamasika momveka bwino kwambiri zopezeka ntchito za F. Rastrelli Wamng'ono mu nyumba zambiri St. Petersburg.

Naryshkin kapena Moscow Baroque

Ndi kalembedwe izi zikutanthauza gulu la akachisi, anamanga Ankhondo wotchuka uyu kubwera. Naryshkin Baroque wapamwamba ku Russia ndi kuperekedwa ndi ntchito zotero a zomangamanga wa malemu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri - m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu monga mpingo mu Fili ndi Utatu-Lykov, mu chipewa ndi Dubrovitsy, komanso Akukwera, yomwe inamangidwa pa Maroseyka.

Akatswiri kuzitcha izo mwa njira mbali yake wotsatira, imene wotembenuka mawonekedwe a waposa zomangamanga Western, monga chilolezo ndi nyengo zawo, amajambulapo maluwa okongola kukongoletsa ndi Baroque chiyambi T. D.

NKHANI Naryshkin kalembedwe pa zomangamanga

Iye anabwera pa nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa zomangamanga wathu. Ndi pamene Russian kalembedwe wa umutu pang'onopang'ono anayamba kudutsa mumaganiza ku Europe. Ku Nyumba m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, izo zimaonetsa ofukula ozama mphamvu zithunzi pamodzi m'mphepete mwa makoma ndipo anatengera chitaya mafunde zobiriwira.

Pakuti nyumba za nthawi ya zomangamanga Russian amakhala ndi osakaniza mumaganiza zotsutsana mu nyumba anaona heterogeneity wa nyumba ndi yokongola. Kapangidwe ka "Naryshkin" Baroque mu Russia, makamaka Moscow, pali zizindikiro bwino mannerism European, ndi kumatikumbutsabe wa Gothic, pali pokha pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi romanticism, ndipo onse merges ndi miyambo ya mtengo ndi mwala wakale zomangamanga.

kalembedwe Golitsyn

Pang'onopang'ono izo zinayamba chitukuko Baroque mu Russia. Mu malo ya kalembedwe osiyanasiyana Naryshkin anafika ku Moscow zomangamanga - Golitsyn, amene ankaona Transitional. Wake asangalala khumi zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, ndipo zotsatira unapitirira mpaka chapakati pa m'zaka chimodzimodzi.

Nyumba woyamba anamangidwa mu kalembedwe Baroque mu Russia, ankaona mpingo Dubovica mu Perov, Volyn, Laurentian obisika mu Kaluga. Koma "Naryshkin" mu ulemerero wa "Golitsyn" nyumba kunadetsa ntchito zinthu mwangwiro Baroque. Komabe, njira zawo kamangidwe, kapangidwe mabuku wakutali chatsekedwa khalidwe magulu pafupi ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano European. Zikumveka dongosolo ndi kuphweka mitundu, pamodzi ndi olemera mkati amapasa ambiri Baroque zipilala Russia ndi zitsanzo tingachipeze powerenga za zomangamanga wakale. Makamaka ndithu Tingaone mu nyumba kenako - Mpingo wa St. Peter ndi Paulo Cathedral mu Moscow, komanso Troekurova ndi Yakimanka.

Stroganoff kalembedwe

Izi stylistic malangizo Russian zomangamanga kumapeto kwa zaka chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu kuyamba nyumba khalidwe anamangidwira pa dongosolo industrialists mawonekedwe, pambuyo amene dzina lake.

Ndi zipilala zambiri kwakukulu wa Moscow Baroque Stroganoff amasiyana asayambe miyambo Russian zisanu ozungulira kachisi silhouette, limene ndi zazikulu, monga ngati khalidwe dzanja, Baroque zokongoletsa. Zikuphatikizapo Kazan mu Ustyuzhna, Smolensk mu Gordeevka m'mudzi Khirisimasi Nizhny Novgorod ndi mipingo ina ambiri, komanso Vvedensky tchalitchi, anamanga mu Solvychegodsk.

Baroque Petulo

Mawu amenewa ntchito ndi azambiriyakale luso kuti kalembedwe kamangidwe, amene kwavomelezedwa ndi Peter ine ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito mu St. Petersburg. Limited makonzedwe chimango, ndi cholinga pa chitsanzo Swedish, German ndipo Dutch mapulani. zomangamanga Baroque ku Russia kuyambira Wamkulu enawa inali nyumba kwakukulukulu Akasakaniza, ndi kukoma kwa classicism ndi Gothic kalekale. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa Peter mapulani zothetsera kalembedwe ili likhoza kukhala kuchuluka kwa conditionality.

Mamangidwe a nthawi ino yodziwika ndi kuphweka zomangamanga volumetric, pali zambiri articulation bwino ndi kudziletsa oyang'anira, zambiri anamuona pa kumasulira pamakoma planar. Mosiyana ndi Naryshkin Baroque mu Russia, Peter Wamkulu ndi kukanidwa zikuluzikulu mwambo Byzantine, womwe unali mapulani athu pafupifupi kasanu zaka. Komabe, pali kusiyana Golitsynsky kalembedwe mwachindunji anauziridwa ndi zitsanzo Italy kapena Austria.

oimira yowala

Ntchito kwambiri mu kukula kwa Baroque mu Russia ankaimba osati Russian okha, komanso ambiri odziwika mapulani yachilendo. Mmodzi wa akuluakulu a sukulu ya kumadzulo ntchito mu dziko lathu, ndi Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli - mwana wa ziboliboli Italy, amene ankatumikira pa bwalo la Mfumu Louis XIV. Tikayang'ana mawu a wolemba mbiri wake, kumanga zinakuchitikirani iye anagula mu Russia. Pokhala wojambula mphatso, Rastrelli ali anakwanitsa kudzionetsa kuti ndi mmisiri waluso ndi zatenga malo apamwamba kwambiri pa bwalo anasankhidwa kukhala "mfumu wamanga." ntchito yake mu zaka 1740-1750 wafika pachimake.

Ena oimira otchuka Baroque mu Russia - ndi A. V. Kvasov, cholinga ndipo anamanga Grand Tsarskoye Selo Palace pamaso kukonzanso ndi kugwiridwa ndi Rastrelli. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake monga sipezeka m'dera Haymarket wa Mpingo wa Akukwera wa Wodalitsika Namwali Mariya. No siikudziwika bwino mapulani a Baroque nyengo Russian ndi P. Trezzini, A. Vista ndipo, ndithudi, ntchito mu Russia kuyambira 1760-TH kuti 1770-TH yowala nthumwi yachilendo ya mudzipatsana Antonio Rinaldi. Otsiriza, mu nyumba ake oyambirira akadali mchikakamizo cha "ukalamba" Baroque ndipo anasamukira ku classicism, amene dziko lathu monga mu Chiyambi chake. Komabe, kunena mosapita m'mbali kuti Rinaldi ndi woimira ndendende kalembedwe imeneyi oyambirira, zosatheka.

Nyumba Russian Baroque

Zokwanira kudziwika chilengedwe cha Rastrelli - ndi gulu loyimba wa Smolny Akatolika, anamanga mu zaka 1748-1764 ku St. Petersburg. Izo analengedwa mu mwambo Russian wa ensembles ofanana a m'zaka za m'mbuyomo. No zochepa yodziwika ndi ku likulu la kumpoto zachifumu awiri Elizabethan olemekezeka - Stroganov ndi M. Vorontsov. Komabe, mu malo oyamba mwa ntchito za Rastrelli wayima, ndithudi, Zima Palace, yomwe inamangidwa zaka eyiti. Inatha mu 1762-m. Zinali pano mu mlingo wapamwamba wa talente wamanga a. Pakati katswiri wina Baroque - The Grand Palace mu Tsarskoye Selo, ndi ena ambiri. Iwo ali onse yowala kwambiri zimaonetsa kalembedwe zimene zinkachitika mu m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu atumwi ku Russia. Kasinthidwe ka zinthu zochititsa chidwi ya wamanga P. Trezzini limatsindika Theodore Mpingo, yomwe ili Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Lero, ambiri kusemphana maganizo amene ali ndi lalikulu inamangidwa pa Vladimir Cathedral wa dzina chomwecho. Komabe, ambiri timakonda ndikukhulupirira kuti izo sizinali osadziwika mbuye, ndicho P. Trezzini, amene mukufuna kupikisana ndi Rastrelli, analenga kumapeto kwa 1760 kukongola chodabwitsa cha mpingo. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti, mwatsoka, nyumba zambiri za thupi katswiri wa zomangamanga, anali kenako anamanganso kapena kungoti mbisoweka.

Ine sindikufuna kwanthawi kumbuyo anzawo Rinaldi, amene analenga mipingo ingapo Orthodox, kaphatikizidwe mbali zambiri za Baroque. Makamaka izi Cathedral Andrew ndi ake domes asanu domes ndi mkulu Mipikisano storey belu nsanja, Boathouse ili mu mpanda, Chinese ndi Marble zachifumu. inawo imatengedwa wapadera chodabwitsa pa zomangamanga Russian.