Dzhordzh Berkli: nzeru, maganizo zofunika, yonena

Mwa anzeru akuvomereza maganizo wazotsatira ndipo n'zosatheka, mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri Dzhordzh Berkli. bambo wake anali munthu wa ku England, koma George kuziganizira yekha ndi Irishman, chifukwa ndi kumeneko, kum'mwera kwa Ireland, iye anabadwa mu 1685. Ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, mnyamatayo anayamba nthawi yophunzira koleji, chimene chidzapatsidwa chikugwirizana njira imodzi kapena ina yaitali moyo wake (mpaka 1724). Mu 1704, Berkeley, Jr. analandira digiri yoyamba ndipo patatha zaka zitatu - digiri mbuye ndi ufulu wophunzitsa pedsostave junior. Patapita zaka zingapo iye anadzakhala wansembe wa Mpingo Anglican, ndiyeno - ndi PhD ndi lecturer achikulire pa koleji.

zotengera malingaliridwe chabe

Ngakhale ndili wamng'ono D. Berkley kusankha pakati pa malingaliro chuma ndi zotengera malingaliridwe chabe, anatenga mbali ya masika. Iye anakhala kumbali ya chipembedzo ndi m'mabuku ake, kusonyeza ubwenzi nzeru za munthu pa nkhaniyi njira imene amaona ndipo amamva moyo (malingaliro, chikumbumtima), popangidwa ndi Mulungu. Ngakhale unyamata olembedwa ntchito zake kuti zakhala zofunika pa chitukuko cha nthanthi ganizo , nalemekeza dzina - Dzhordzh Berkli.

Philosophy ndi kufufuza choonadi anayamba kuona moyo wa woganiza Irish. Mwa ntchito zake ndi chidwi: "Nkhani ya chiphunzitso chatsopano cha masomphenya", "Treatise on Mfundo of Human Knowledge," "Zitatu kukambirana pakati Hylas ndi Philonous". Kusindikiza ntchito pa masomphenya atsopano, ndi nzeru zapamwamba wamng'ono, cholinga kuchepetsa kufunika Khalidwe lalikulu, kutsimikizira ufulu wa chikumbumtima chathu ndi chenicheni pa nkhaniyi. Mosiyana ndi chiphunzitso cha Descartes pa kukula kwa matupi, kale zinatchuka pa nthawi, amasonyeza kuti ndi kudalira pa mtunda kuzindikira, mawonekedwe ndi malo a zinthu mwa chionekedwe. Malinga ndi nzeru zapamwamba za, ubale zomverera osiyana - ndi malo maganizo, amene anapanga ndi zinachitikira.

ntchito zofunika kwambiri za nzeru zapamwamba za

Tinali mawunikidwe osiyana kuphatikizapo kukondera zamulungu mwa ntchito woganiza. Koma mmodzi wa ntchito chidwi kwambiri ndi "Zitatu kukambirana Hylas ndi Philonous" (Dzhordzh Berkli - nzeru), yochepa imene tikhoza kunena izi: wolemba kunayambitsa funso la kuzindikira akamabadwa wa relativity kudziwa zenizeni, ndipo phenomenalism. Ntchito zake "Gulu" Berkeley adatsutsana maganizo Newton za tanthauzo umboni wa gululi. Njira nthanthi ya George ndi kayendedwe sangathe kukhala osadalira pa malo ndi nthawi. Osati mfundo ya anali kudzudzulidwa ndi nzeru zapamwamba, komanso zina zambiri Newton gulu.

Chidwi komanso ndi awiri ena amagwira ntchito Berkeley kukambirana pakati freethinkers "Alciphron" ndi mfundo nthanthi za phula madzi, kumene akafunsa kuti, ntchito zachipatala ya phula ukuchoka kwa ufulu umboni ndi akatswiri zamulungu chikhalidwe.

banja

Mkazi wa nzeru zapamwamba anali Anna Forster anatifotokozera - Ground mwana (bambo wake anali Irish wapamwamba woweruza mikangano). Dziwani yosavuta, wochezeka komanso wansangala khalidwe la George. Ankakondedwa ndi abwenzi ndi anzawo. chisamaliro chake posakhalitsa Foundling Hospital, anakhazikitsa hayala achifumu. Mkazi anam'berekera ana asanu. Komabe, masiku amenewo, ana ambiri sanakhale ndi moyo munthu wamkulu, zaka chifukwa matenda. Pa Berkeley, anapulumuka atatu okha, ndipo ena onse anafa.

Pamene Dzhordzh Berkli anapatsidwa cholowa, anapanga mwatsatanetsatane kukhazikitsa mu Bermuda pasukulu akunja anatembenuka chikhulupiriro cha Akhristu. ntchito woyamba kwambiri ndiponso kuvomereza ndi nyumba yamalamulo ndi anthu amapereka mwa mabwalo lolemera. Komabe, pamene mmishonale ndi anzake anapita ku chilumbachi, pang'onopang'ono kuiwalika. Ndipo popanda ndalama zokwanira wasayansi-nzeru zapamwamba anayenera kusiya waumishonale. Pang'onopang'ono, amasiya ntchito yake ndi nthawi yocheza ndi mwana wake. Dzhordzh Berkli anakhala ndi moyo zaka makumi asanu ndi aŵiri n'kumwalira mu 1752. Ulemu wake dzina lake mumzinda wa Berkeley ku umodzi wa mayiko a America - California.

maphunziro azachilengedwe Berkeley

Motengera nzeru zapamwamba nzeru zopambana anali anzeru ambiri, kuphatikizapo Kant ndi Hume. The lingaliro lalikulu, umene analalikira pankhani ya Berkeley, anali kufunika kukhudza moyo ndi mafano ake anapanga. M'mawu ena, kuzindikira chilichonse pa nkhaniyi chifukwa cha amaonera moyo wake waumunthu. chiphunzitso chake chachikulu chinali chiphunzitso cha chabe m'maganizo, "Pali ine chabe ndipo wanga kuzindikira kwenikweni kwa dziko. Nkhani kulibe, pali maganizo anga zotengera malingaliridwe a izo. Mulungu amatumiza, ndipo amapanga malingaliro imene munthu akuona zonse mu dziko lino .... "

Kamvedwe ka nzeru zapamwamba za kulibe - amaona. Maphunziro azachilengedwe Berkeley - ndi mfundo za solipsism. Malinga ndi maganizo woganiza kuli shawa ena ndi "womaliza" structuredness zikuoneka zokha ndithu kumasulira, amene protrude kufanizira m'munsi.

maganizo losemphana

Komabe, ziphunzitso za nzeru zapamwamba anaona n'kulephera. Mwachitsanzo, mu chinthu chomwecho, "Ine", anagwiritsa ntchito mfundo chomwecho kwa ofufuza za chuma ndi umboni wa indivisibility ndi umodzi wa pachiyambi. Komabe, m'malo mwake, Devid Yum formalized maganizo chiphunzitso, pamene anadwala mfundo kanthu mu chigawo wauzimu: munthu "Ine" - ndi "mtolo wa maganizo." N'kosatheka kuti kusiya maganizo zakuthupi, pamene mukuphunzira ntchito zimene analemba nzeru zapamwamba Dzhordzh Berkli.

Quotes wazamulungu ndi woganiza kuuzira lingaliro la muyaya, komanso kufunika Mulungu m'moyo, kudalira kwake Wamphamvuyonse. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo loyang'anizana ena zotsutsana ndi umboni mapepala Berkeley, monga anafotokoza mu ndemanga yovuta akatswiri ambiri.

Ngelezi ndi nzeru za Berkeley

Berkeley anazindikira za kukhalako kwa Mulungu, amene yekha umabala chifuniro chake m'njira ya miyoyo ya anthu. Malinga ndi iye, munthu alibe mphamvu pa maganizo anu, ngakhale zikuoneka choncho. Ndipotu, ngati munthu atsegula maso ake amaona kuwala - izo sikudalira chifuniro chake, kapena amva mbalame - uyu si cholinga chake. Iye sangakhoze kusankha "masomphenya" ndi "si mwa chionekedwe", kutanthauza kuti pali chifuniro wina, mlingo wokwera, umene umabala maganizo ndi zomverera munthu.

Kuphunzira ntchito zimene analemba Dzhordzh Berkli, ofufuza ena anazindikira (zomwe Komabe, si kwathunthu anatsimikizira, koma ali ndi ufulu kulibe) kuti maganizo a nzeru zapamwamba za anapanga pa maziko a chiphunzitso cha Malebranche. Izi zimathandiza kuti tione D. Berkley Irish Cartesian, kukana pamaso pa empiricism m'chiphunzitso chake. Kuyambira 1977 ku Ireland magazini Bulletin ulemu nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri.

Mbiri malo nthanthi

Chiphunzitso chakuti anasiya Dzhordzh Berkli, yonena woganiza - zonsezi ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi phindu kwa chitukuko mbiri ya nzeru. chiphunzitso chakuti anapereka kutsogolera latsopano, mwauzimu atsopano chitukuko mu njira nzeru zaumunthu lingaliro. Schopenhauer amaona ubwino wa Berkeley wosafa ndipo anamutcha bambo wa chabe. Thomas Reid komanso kalekale mchikakamizo cha nzeru kulalikidwa ndi Dzhordzh Berkli. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za nzeru zapamwamba za kuphunzira m'badwo oposa mmodzi wa anthu anzeru. Komabe, ambiri a iwo, kuphatikizapo Thomas Reid, anayamba kuwadzudzula.

Berkeley chiphunzitso m'gulu mabuku nzeru ngati maganizo ndi wazotsatira. Ngakhale mbadwo akatswiri adzachita chidwi ndi chiphunzitso chake kenako kutenga kukhala kapena kuzitsutsa izo. Wotchuka kwambiri cha maganizo tingaphunzire mu Poland, komanso m'mayiko ambiri Asilavo, nzeru zake waperekedwa ndipo watenga malo oyenera mwa ntchito zofanana.