The zosiyanasiyana za dziko wamoyo. Kuchuluka kwa bungwe ndi katundu zoyambirira

zosiyanasiyana onse a dziko wamoyo kuli kovuta kufotokoza mawu kachulukidwe. Pachifukwa ichi systematics awo ophatikizana m'magulu pamaziko mbali zina. M'nkhani ino tikambirana katundu zofunika, mfundo za gulu ndi kuchuluka kwa gulu la moyo zamoyo.

The zosiyanasiyana za dziko wamoyo: mwachidule

Aliyense mtundu alipo mu dziko, munthu wapadera. Komabe, ambiri a iwo ali zingapo zochititsa ofanana structural. Ndi pa malo awa zamoyo zonse zikhoza yagawidwa taxa lapansi. Mu masiku ano akatswiri apeza asanu Mafumu. The zosiyanasiyana za dziko wamoyo (chithunzi limasonyeza ena mwa anthu ake) zikuphatikizapo zomera, nyama, bowa, mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina. Otsiriza a iwo alibe dongosolo ma, ndi pa malo ndi ufumu osiyana. Mavairasi molekyulu tichipeza chidulo mkati sipangakhalenso ankayimiridwa ngati DNA ndi RNA. Owazungulira ndi chipolopolo mapuloteni. Ndi kapangidwe ngati ya zinthu izi amatha chizindikiro umodzi wokha wa zamoyo - kudziona msonkhano kuchulukitsa mwa gulu lake. mabakiteriya onse prokaryotes. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali chikalata phata maselo awo. mfundozo majini limaoneka nucleoid - mamolekyulu zozungulira DNA, masango zomwe zili mwachindunji mu cytoplasm lapansi.

Nyama ndi zomera amasiyana njira chakudya. Choyamba angathe lithe mankhwala organic pa dzuwa. Njira imeneyi kudya otchedwa autotrophic. Nyama zimawononga okonzeka zopangidwa zinthu. zamoyo amatchedwa heterotrophs. Bowa ndi zizindikiro za zomera ndi nyama. Mwachitsanzo, iwo amagwira njira ya moyo ndi kukula malire, koma angathe photosynthesis.

The katundu wa nkhani moyo

Ndipo pa maziko, ambiri, zamoyo otchedwa? Akatswiri apeza angapo muyezo. Choyamba, ndi umodzi wa mipweya. nkhani zonse zamoyo aumbike mwa zinthu organic. Zikuphatikizapo mapulotini, lipids, chakudya zidulo mkati. Onsewo ali biopolymers zachilengedwe, wopangidwa zingapo chobwereza mayunitsi. Zizindikiro za zamoyo komanso a chakudya, kupuma, kukula, chitukuko, kusintha chibadwa, ndi kupukusa chakudya, kubereka, luso atengere.

Aliyense taxon amakhala ndi peculiarities yake. Mwachitsanzo, zomera kukula popanda malire, moyo wonse. Koma nyama kuwonjezera kukula kwa nthawi inayake. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi kupuma lapansi. Akukhulupirira kuti ndondomeko izi zimachitika pokhapokha ndi nawo oxygen. Zimenezi zimatchedwa aerobic kupuma. Koma naŵa mabakiteriya angathe oxidize zipangizo organic ndi popanda kukhalapo kwa mpweya - anaerobic.

The zosiyanasiyana za dziko wamoyo pa kaperekedwe ka bungwe ndi katundu zoyambirira

Anati zizindikiro wamoyo ndipo ali tosaoneka bakiteriya selo, ndipo ochulukaŵa Nangumiyu. Komanso, zamoyo zonse zachilengedwe ndi inakula mosalekeza kufotokoza nkhani ndi mphamvu, ndipo ulalo zofunika mu unyolo chakudya. Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana za dziko wamoyo, milingo gulu akusonyeza pamaso pa njira yokha zina zokhudza thupi. Iwo okha maonekedwe a kapangidwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Tiyeni tione aliyense wa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

mlingo maselo

The zosiyanasiyana za dziko moyo pamodzi ndi ake mwapadera kuzindikira izo pa mlingo. Chifukwa cha zamoyo zonse amapanga mapuloteni, zinthu structural amene ali amino zidulo. ndi ochepa - pafupifupi 170. Koma mu mapuloteni molekyulu zikuphatikizapo 20. yekha osakaniza awo Mzimuyo zosiyanasiyana wopandamalire wa zedi - ndi yopuma albumin mbalame mazira ulusi kolajeni minofu. Pa mlingo, pali kukula ndi chitukuko cha tizilombo yosungirako ambiri ndi kulanda ndi cholowa chuma, ndi kupukusa chakudya ndi mphamvu kutembenuka.

Ma ndi minofu mlingo

Mamolekyulu zinthu organic kupanga maselo. The zosiyanasiyana za dziko wamoyo, katundu yaikulu ya zamoyo pa mlingo kuti kale lonse. Chikhalidwe ambiri zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi. Kungakhale onse mabakiteriya ndi zomera ndi nyama. zolengedwa mlingo ma limafanana ndi chamoyo.

Koyamba zingaoneke kuti dongosolo awo m'malo achikale. Koma si choncho. Tangoganizani selo limodzi lokha amachita ntchito za chamoyo wonse! Mwachitsanzo, Paramecium caudatum amachita zoyenda ntchito michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana, kupuma kupyolera lonse pamwamba, chimbudzi ndi lamulo la kuthamanga osmotic kudzera vacuoles apadera. Amadziwika mwa zamoyo izi ndi ndondomeko za kugonana, lomwe limapezeka mu mawonekedwe a conjugation. Mu zamoyo multicellular anapanga minofu. Kapangidwe tichipeza maselo, ofanana mu kapangidwe ndi ntchito.

mlingo organismal

Mu zamoyo, kusiyana kwa dziko moyo amaphunzira pa mlingo. Aliyense chamoyo ndi limodzi lonse ndipo ukugwira ntchito mogwirizana. Ambiri a iwo wapangidwa maselo, zimakhala ndi ziwalo. Kuchotserapo ndi zomera m'munsi, bowa ndi lichens. thupi lawo aumbike mwa magulu maselo zomwe sizidzipezera kupanga zimakhala wotchedwa Thallus mzaka. Ntchito mizu mu zinthu za mtundu uwu ntchito rhizoids.

Population-mitundu ndi milingo topezeka

Unit laling'ono mu taxonomy a mitundu. Izi ndi ya anthu, okhala zingapo zochititsa wamba. Choyamba, ndi morphological, mbali amuzolengedwa, ndi luso kumasula akuwoloka, kulola zamoyo akhalemo deta mkati osiyanasiyana chomwecho ndi kubereka chonde. Modern taxonomy ali oposa miliyoni. 1.7 Species. Koma mu chikhalidwe iwo sangakhoze zokhazi. Mkati dera linalake anthu mitundu yambiri. Kudziwa zosiyanasiyana za dziko wamoyo. Mu zamoyo, akonzedwa a mitundu yemweyo amene amakhala mkati osiyanasiyana wina wotchedwa anthu. Magulu awa, iwo amakhala kuti ena zopinga zachilengedwe. Zimakhala Madamu, phiri kapena malo nkhalango. Aliyense anthu amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwake, komanso jenda, zaka, zachilengedwe, okhudza malo ndi chibadwa dongosolo.

Koma ngakhale mwa malo limodzi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo ndi mokwanira lalikulu. Onse a iwo ndinazolowera moyo mu zinthu zina ndi yogwirizana trophic. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa mitundu ndi gwero la chakudya cha wina. Izi zimachititsa topezeka kapena biocenosis. Izo kale waika anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana kugwirizana malo, vuto la zinthu ndiponso mphamvu.

biogeocoenosis

Koma ndi zamoyo zonse nthawi zonse zimavuta zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda moyo. Zikuphatikizapo mpweya kutentha mode, ndi amenewa ndi zikuchokera mankhwala madzi, chinyontho ndi dzuwa. anthu onse okhala amadalira iwo ndi sangaonekerenso popanda zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, zomera kudyetsedwa okha ndi mphamvu dzuwa, madzi ndi mpweya. Ndi chikhalidwe cha dzuwa, imene lithe organic nkhani zofunika. Kuchotsedwa zinthu biotic ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo amatchedwa biogeocenosis.

Kodi Biosphere

The zosiyanasiyana za dziko tikukhala mu biosphere massively zinkaimira. Izi ndi lonse zachilengedwe chigoba cha dziko lathuli, amene akwatirana zamoyo zonse. The biosphere ali ndi malire ake. Wakunja unali mu mlengalenga, okha ndi ozoni dzikoli. Iwo lili pa mtunda wa 20 - 25 Km. wosanjikiza izi zimatenga zoipa cheza ultraviolet. Pamwamba pake, moyo sangathe. Kuti akuya 3 Km ndi m'munsi malire a biosphere lapansi. Apa, izo okha ndi kukhalapo kwa chinyezi. Choncho kwambiri angathe kukhala yekha mabakiteriya anaerobic. Mu chigoba madzi a dziko - ndi hydrosphere, moyo opezeka pa akuya 10-11 Km.

Choncho, zamoyo zokhala lathuli mu casings osiyana zachilengedwe, pali zinthu zingapo katundu khalidwe. Zikuphatikizapo luso lawo mpweya, zakudya, kayendedwe, kubereka, ndi zina zotero. D. The zosiyanasiyana zamoyo ukufanizidwa ndi magulu a bungwe lililonse ndi magulu a kuchulukitsa kwa kapangidwe ndi njira thupi.