Thomas Piketty buku "Capital m'zaka XXI": akamanena, mfundo zazikulu

Kodi ndipo kodi malamulo kuonetsetsa likulu? N'chifukwa chiyani anthu ena nthawi zonse osauka, pamene ena - ziribe kanthu - olemera? Mlembi wa Buku otchuka "Capital m'zaka XXI" Thomas Piketty anakhala phunziro; nafika ku zinthu zina zosangalatsa. Malinga ndi iye, mu zaka 1914-1980 kusiyana pakati pa zigawo wa anthu anali kochepa.

zotsutsana lofunika

Kukhala ndi anthu masiku ano ali woti malamulo yake. Mmodzi wa iwo - Kuyanjana pakathi pa ufulu, ie, kwa mfundo chuma view, luso kuonetsetsa bwino kukhala yekha chifukwa nzeru zawo ndi zokhumba ... Koma School of Economics Pulofesa Thomas Piketty Paris ( "Capital mu XXI m'zaka" - bwino kugulitsa m'buku lake) ananena kuti kunadetsa pali kugwirizana pakati pa moyo wa munthu payekha ndi vuto la zachuma ndiponso achibale ake. Ndithudi, izi ndi zosiyana ndi mfundo mwayi wofanana.

Nkomwe anaonekera, buku chifukwa phokoso, T. Kwa. Mlembi ali mwa iye mafunso ambiri za chikonzero cha postulates a kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma. Iye sakunena kukusalani choonadi cha Karla Marksa, amene ankati chiwonongeko mosalephera a bizinesi.

Nkhambakamwa ndi Zenizeni

Ngati m'zaka za m'ma XIX, palibe amene anadabwa kuti kagulu ka anthu "dziko mwini", zinthu zamakono, mfundo imeneyi nthawi zonse nkhani kutsutsana ndi kukaikira. Mayiko monga United States, zochokera kulengeza ufulu wofanana kwa anthu onse popanda yekha, amafuna kwambiri kufotokoza kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka.

Kwa nthawi yaitali chuma amanena kuti kukula chonse chuma chimabweretsa kulemera kwa onse. mabuku ambiri ( "Capital mu XXI m'zaka" - zosiyana) nkhani kuti khama payekha kugwira ntchito mosalekeza ndi anthu athe kukwaniritsa pamwamba kuposa kale lonse. Ndipo anthu kuti salinso anali kulemberana ndi cholowacho. Komabe, ngakhale anaona zofunika amati ayi.

Ngati m'zaka za m'ma XIX-XX chiŵerengero likulu payekha ndi ndalama dziko anali pafupifupi wofanana (kaya kapangidwe - dziko loyamba, kenako mafakitale chuma ndipo potsiriza, tsopano - Finance), kuyambira ndi 70 ntchentche za m'ma XX, woyamba ponseponse. Pa zaka 50 zapitazi, lisaoneke kuposa 600%, mwachitsanzo. E. The ndalama dziko ndi nthawi 6 zosakwana likulu payekha.

Kodi pali wololera komanso lomveka bwino iliyonse? Mwamtheradi. Mkulu ndalama chipereka annuity yabwino; mlingo wa kukula chuma yaing'ono, ndi wamba wa chuma boma akhoza zina kuonjezera kukula kwa likulu payekha. Mu USSR kale ndi deregulation walola ochepa nzika unalemeretsa kwambiri.

nkhani za m'mbiri

zachuma wakhala poyerekeza ndi kubwerera pa likulu, anati Thomas Piketty. Capital m'zaka XXI, zochokera cholowa, kumaonjezera yekha lisaoneke. chakuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX 90% ya chuma dziko anali 10% ya anthu. mpumulo, mosasamala kanthu za nzeru ndi khama, panalibe katundu. Choncho, iwo anali kupeza osati zimene.

Kulalikidwa kwa chilolezo kufanana kutenga mbali kukavota ndi zikayenda zina za demokalase sadzasintha Malamulo zachuma ndi ndende ya likulu la pawekha ndi "kagulu ka anthu."

Mmene zingamvekere choipa, koma anali nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse ndi kufunika kubwezeretsa analenga zinthu sinachitikepo pamene ndalama kuchokera ndalama anali m'munsi bwino chuma. Mu nthawi chuma 1914-1950 okha chinawonjezeka ndi 1-1.5% pa chaka. Komanso, kumayambiriro mwapang'onopang'ono misonkho walola kulera mlingo wa bwino chuma. Koma likulu m'zaka XXI, amakhalanso luso zofunika kwambiri ndi chitukuko mafakitale.

opeza

Ndi mu nyengo pambuyo nkhondo panali otchedwa pakati kalasi mu Europe. Kachiwiri, izo zinachitika chifukwa zodabwitsa chuma ndi ndale, osati ndi mwayi wofanana wochita. Koma alimbikitsa sizinakhalitse. Pofika mu 1970 zaka za akatswiri mwapang'onopang'ono analemba latsopano kukula chuma lochitira.

M'buku lake "Capital wa XXI m'zaka" Thomas Piketty (m'buku Russian kale lofalitsidwa) ananena kuti, ngakhale zikamera wa kalasi pakati, osauka analibe vuto la zachuma. Kusiyana pakati pa zigawo za anthu ikukula.

Komabe, kuyambira 1980s, ati wasayansi, mumaganiza mbiri kubwerera. Ngati m'ma 60s zinali zingatheke kusiya pamwamba pa piramidi zachuma chifukwa cha nzeru zawo, mpaka kumapeto a zaka za m'ma XX, njira iyi chatsekedwa. Onse mfundo zake Thomas Piketty akutsimikiza kanjedza. Atchula chitsanzo malipiro a ogwira ntchito okalamba ndi ogwira ntchito pafupifupi. Ngati kasamalidwe pamwamba kuchuluka ndalama zake ndi 8% pachaka, ndiye ena onse - 0.5 okha%.

mwayi

chuma American zimachitika izi malipiro chilungamo luso zinachitikira, maphunziro ndi zokolola za Ngopambana makampani. Komabe, mabuku a zachuma, chikutsimikizira kuti kwenikweni si. Ndipo ngakhale kwambiri, mlingo wa malipiro pamwamba woyang'anira sikudalira khalidwe la zosankha zake. Apa pali otchedwa chodabwitsa cha "malipiro mwayi" ngati atamwa zinthu zina, kampani kusiyana pompopompo, basi kuchuluka mabonasi antchito.

Madalitso kapena ndalama

Capital mu XXI m'ma kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya anthu chili likuvutika malingaliro ake omwe ndi khama. zopanda Izi ndi wolemba anabweretsa proviso kuti kuthekera anali anthu okha amene anabadwa mu nthawi kuchokera 1910 mpaka 1960.

Kuzindikira za matalente awo walola kuti anthu azikhulupirira kuti chiyambi cha lochitira (ndiponso chuma bwino), ikhala kutali kale. Komabe, maphunziro posachedwapa anatsimikizira zosiyana: kukula likulu anatengera kwambiri kuposa analandira mu kusokonekera ndalama ku ntchito. Kutsimikizira mawu ake wolemba anatchula ziwerengero kuti sakuphatikizapo chuma chokha komanso zizindikiro zaziwerengero.

buku lakuti "Capital m'zaka XXI", mwatsoka, si zolimbikitsa anthu ofuna kupeza chuma chawo. wolemba kafukufuku kwa zaka zitatu chitukuko cha anthu anaona kuti lochitira ngati chuma - ponseponse anthu.