Transport Germany: Mitundu ndi chitukuko

Chinthu chachikulu kukula azilandira Germany ndi intensification ndi wamakono wa ulimi, chimene chimafuna osati oyamba umisiri watsopano ndi zochitika sayansi, komanso chitukuko cha mayendedwe ndi zomangamanga ofanana.

Dongosolo zoyendera ku Germany

Market ndi msika Gona ndi zodabwitsa popanda mgwirizano wa alimi ndi ogula ya katundu ndi ntchito. Development zoyendera ku Germany ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka mu lonse la malonda zoweta ndi achilendo. nthawi imene thambo wozengereza madzi a Rhine anali malonda njira yokha, anali kutali kale. Lero, kachitidwe zoyendera - kuipidwa yapakati-makampani zovuta, mmodzi wa kutsogolera dziko. 1 Km ² m'nkhani dziko German awiri makilomita misewu zosiyanasiyana ndi aya. Waukulu modes zoyendera ku Germany:

• Railway.
• Car.
• Air.
• Madzi.

Tiyenera kutchura kwambiri zachilengedwe wochezeka komanso wodekha zoyendera - payipi, amene chimachititsa za 4% ya okwana katundu zolowa.

njanji

Woyamba wokhazikika utumiki sitima linatsegulidwa mu Bavarian yozizira 1835. Sitima zikuchokera shuttled pakati Nuremberg ndi Fürth kawiri pa tsiku m'dipatimenti katundu ndi anthu.

Lero, kutalika kwa njanji (. 44 zikwi km) Germany ndi chimodzi, ndipo pa ndende - malo oyamba mu dziko. Pafupifupi theka la iwo inasangalatsa. Waukulu katundu chonyamulira - gulu DB (Deutsche Bundesbahn), kuwabweretsa pamodzi njanji kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa minda, limapangidwa m'magulu atatu: Mobiliti, Veda zoyendera galimotolo Logistic (katundu otaya ndi mmene kukumana) ndi kulumikiza (nkhani za kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi zomangamanga). Ngakhale kusintha kwa katundu anagubuduza ndi khama la Boma, voliyumu ya katundu zolowa pang'ono ndi pang'ono yafupika.

Njanji zoyendera ku Germany limakonda pa ophimba m'basimo. Mpatuko mkulu akufotokoza paki (Ice), ndi kuchuluka yolozera liwiro (pafupifupi - 240 Km / h, pazipita njira Berlin - Hannover - mpaka 450 Km / h). M'munsi likanatha si mkulu: pakuti loyamba kalasi ophimba - 0,41 yuro / Km, wachiwiri - 0,27.

M'madera lamapiri la dziko ndi njanji losongoka. Pakuti zosangalatsa la alendo anakhalabe maulendo angapo ndi injini sitima ndi magalimoto mpesa.

zoyendera injini

Kumapeto kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri, chifukwa maukonde msewu, womwenso oposa 40 zikwi. Km misewu boma ndipo pafupifupi 13 chikwi. Km misewu (Mipikisano kanjira misewu kuti kulekana structural wa zosemphana otaya), zoyendera msewu mu Germany zoposa 60% ya katundu ndi 90% wa magalimoto zonyamula a dziko . Malinga ndi Federal wagalimoto Office, chiwerengero cha magalimoto mu dziko ili pafupi 60 miliyoni, ndi osalimba ndi magalimoto 640 pa anthu chikwi.

Ngakhale mizinda yambiri kulowa malo chapakati zoyendera zoletsedwa, mavuto magalimoto ndi zogwirizana kwambiri. Kuwonjezera m'madera odzipereka madalaivala olumala magalimoto, pali osiyana magalimoto malo a magalimoto ndi mamembala nathawitsidwa ndi theka fairer wa umunthu.

Germany - yekha Ulaya ndi kupanda malire liwiro pamene ankayendetsa motorways. M'misewu zina zodyedwa liwiro la 100 Km / h, mu midzi - 50 km / h.

ndege

German ndege zoyendera tinganene mwachidule malonda chiphiphiritso cha yaikulu mpweya chonyamulira pa Lufthansa - njira yabwino kuuluka!

Njira yakumwamba ya katundu ndi okwera anali unayaka mu 1909 ndi "airships German." The airship wotchuka "Graf Zeppelin" anapanga 590 flights malonda ku madera osiyana a dziko, anagonjetsa makilomita oposa theka miliyoni. Development wa ndege zoweta ndi mayiko chinathandiza kotheratu "Junkers", anayamba kuŵeta ndege mwakwera zoyambirira za mazana makumi awiri.

Lero, zoyendera mpweya mu Germany zikugwirizana ndi matawuni akuluakulu a Republic ndi mayiko ena a dziko (gawo la ndege zoweta ndi otsika). Yaikulu ya ndege 16 mayiko, katundu zolowa ali malo oyamba mu Europe, zachokera ku Frankfurt.

madzi

Kutumiza njirazo dziko ndi utali wonse wa za 7 zikwi. Km. Voliyumu ya kusamutsidwa katundu pa iwo ukufika matani mamiliyoni 260. Pachaka. Only magawo atatu a nkhani za mayendedwe zoweta. Njira zofunika zoyendera ndi Rhine. Zonse magalimoto kutumiza pa izo wakhazikitsidwa mu 90s mochedwa Mu zaka zapitazo. Panopa Rhine kuthamanga tsiku ziwiya 120. m'ngalande yodutsira ndi zovuta dongosolo pachipata umakhalapo kwa Danube, Elbe, ndi Weser ndi Rhone.

Nyanja madoko a Germany ndi akumane kwambiri malo m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso mtunda wautali ku mafakitale madera chachikulu. Choncho, malonda yaikulu padziko lonse imachitika kudzera doko Dutch pakamwa wa Rhine, gawo la zolowa malonda zakunja Germany kuposa madoko onse a dziko.

m'tawuni Posts

mabasi ndi magalimoto ku Germany ali kwambiri anayamba ndi kothandiza zomangamanga ku European Union. Umaimiridwa ndi mayunitsi zotsatirazi:

• Metro. Mozama mu 19 mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri. The yaikulu ndi wamkulu network anakhazikitsidwa mu 1902, wa Berlin Metro (mizere 10, maofesi 173).
• Overground Sitima yapamtunda. Ngakhale kupanga wodziimira zoyendera maukonde koma magalimoto dongosolo m'mizinda yambiri kumagwirizana ndi "yapansi".
• Mabasi ndi trams. Basi utumiki bwino bungwe. oyima wapakatikati angapezeke pa makalata "H" wobiriwira. Ambiri oyima pa zili ndi zikwangwani zomwe kusonyeza nthawi ya kufika mabasi. Tram ndi ambiri otukuka m'mayiko a kummawa ndi Bavaria. Mbali ya njira yaikidwa mobisa.

chitonthozo okonda tingalandire wa Makampani ambiri agulu kapena ganyu galimoto.

Pali njira ina!

Anauziridwa ndi anansi - ndi Danes ndi Dutch, ndi "ngo zisinthe" ikuchitika ndi Germany. Poyambira mu 2002 anali Plan Development National njinga. Kwa zaka zambiri D-Netz nthambi maukonde wakhazikitsidwa, zochokera 12 feduro velodorog okwana kutalika kwa 10,2 zikwi. Km. Kupalasa njinga ku Germany anakhala ofanana gawo la zomangamanga la dzikolo.

Zonse kuwongolera pambuyo-malonda utumiki pa kupalasa njinga Trans-dera, njinga ulendo omasuka, ndi chaka phindu wakhala kukula mofulumira ndi mtundu wa zokopa alendo.

Popeza 2008, chitukuko zosiyanasiyana veloproektov bajeti boma chaka ndi allocated pafupifupi 3 miliyoni mumauro, ndi mu mawonekedwe a benefiti - Phindu m'minda ya zaumoyo ndi zachilengedwe, pamsewu.

A pang'ono za magalimoto magetsi

Mbali khalidwe la chitukuko zoyendera ku Germany ndi makampani lonse - minimization ndipo mapeto Kupha kudalira dziko la zachuma pa katundu mphamvu. N'chifukwa chake Germany ndi mtsogoleri yamphamvu mwa mayiko a ku Ulaya mu chitukuko zoyendera electromobile. Ndipo ngati mu 2011 zombo magetsi inkakhala zikwi 2.3 okha. Cars, ndiye, malinga ndi zolinga za maulamuliro, ndi 2020 chiwerengero chawo lidzafika miliyoni, ndipo pa zaka khumi yotsatira kuonjezera ndi kasanu ndi kamodzi.

chisankho akuyembekezeka kukhala zovuta: kufanana ndi dongosolo zofunika zidzafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane - kusankha kunjira munthu anadzipereka malo oimika magalimoto chilengedwe cha zopezera okwerera kwa recharging mabatire wanu. Eni magalimoto magetsi ali kale osapatsidwa kupereka chindapusa zoyendera kwa zaka 5, ndi m'tsogolo, nthawi ichi chidzachulukira ndi nthawi 2.

Ammudzi malonda mu Germany ndi dongosolo boma losamalira kukhazikitsa ndondomeko izi mtima wofuna mayuro biliyoni 18.

Malangizo chachikulu cha chitukuko

Makampani ndi zoyendera German mokwanira ntchito wamakono wa nyumba yake ndi umisiri kukwaniritsa sayansi ndi luso patsogolo.

makampani German ndi kuwonjezeka buku la Kulengezedwa njinga magetsi, ndiwo Zoyenda malonda-gudumu galimoto ndi mphamvu Watts mpaka 300. Akukana ndimakokedwe kwambiri kumawonjezera dzuwa la actuator lapansi. Ntchito NiMH mabatire zingawonjezere osiyanasiyana ikuthamanga popanda recharging 50 Km.

The kusintha kwa njanji zoyendera mkulu-yotsiriza, anaikira mayiko zodutsa. Search malinga ndi njira zina kuti sitima ndi mphamvu anagawira, monga kukonza chonse cha dongosolo galimoto-ngolo amagwirizana ndi mavuto ena.

Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana, Kuvuta ndi ndondomeko mzinda tima, ndi zoyendera German amayesetsa kuchita zimene iye amafuna tsogolo la makampani ndi anthu m'dzikoli, mogwirizana ndi malamulo onse zachilengedwe ndipo amafuna zomwe tsiku ndi tsiku kukhala wowawa.