Zombo katundu ndi gulu lawo

Gawo lirilonse la mabwalo zoweta maziko makamaka cholinga chawo. zombo katundu anawagawira mofanana. Wamba anawagawa malonda, mayendedwe a zombo ndi utumiki luso komanso chithandizo.

zoyendera

zotengera katundu Awa ndi maziko chachikulu cha mtsinje ndi nyanja zombo. Iwo apangidwa kunyamula zosiyanasiyana cargoes. gulu limeneli lili mkati yake gulu: katundu zombo, katundu ndi wapadera. Kwenikweni, pali katundu mathanki ndi katundu youma, ndipo izi zosiyanasiyana paudindo bwalo ndi mitundu.

Tsatanetsatane tidzakambirana aliyense mitundu, kuphatikizapo onyamula chochuluka, cholinga ambiri ndi apadera onyamula katundu mosamalitsa kumatanthauza. Anaikira ambiri katundu ziwiya zoyendera - General cholinga. Iwo ali mtundu ambiri.

ziwiya youma katundu

Youma chochuluka katundu ziwiya - sitima ndi onse a iwo agwilitse gawo lalikulu yaikulu m'tsogolo. Iwo anabwera limodzi, awiri ndi trohpalubnymi, malinga ndi kukula kwa chotengeracho. Chipinda injini zambiri ndalama dizilo injini zomera, izo ili kaya chakudya kapena ankatembenukira pafupi ndi mphuno angapo katundu m'tsogolo. Pakuti aliyense kugwira katundu zombo ntchito monga zimaswa yake, kapena ngakhale chimodzi, anatseka umakaniko.

Katundu wothandizira monga n'kudzandigunda kapena mivi munthu ndi mphamvu matani mpaka khumi, ndi zombo katundu zili ndi wamphamvu kwambiri - matani mazana awiri. Modern m'madzi zotengera katundu ndi m'firiji akugwirizira katundu kuwonongeka akasinja kwambiri mafuta madzi chakudya. Koma mtsinje wouma katundu ziwiya, kaya kukula ndi mphamvu Amawapatsa chimodzi chokha katundu kugwira, Chapafupi n'chiti kuchita potsegula ndi ntchito katundu.

Court apadera

Chotero chochuluka onyamula zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu pa firiji, ngolo, zombo chidebe, zombo matabwa ndi zoyendera magalimoto, chochuluka katundu, ziweto ndi zina zotero. M'firiji zoyendera chobvunda zakudya - zipatso, nsomba kapena nyama. The katundu akugwirizira - kutchinjiriza odalirika, mayunitsi refrigeration, kupereka mosalekeza kuzirala pa kutentha madigiri zisanu opanda twente-faifi. refrigerators masiku ano osati kukhala kutentha, komanso kupanga yozizira koopsa mofulumira, amatanthauza kupanga ndi zoyendera firiji. Youma katundu zombo kwa kayendetsedwe zipatso, Amawapatsa mpweya kuzikonzanso onse magwiridwe.

Luso makhalidwe a zotengera katundu zimene kukweza mphamvu matani zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri, liwiro ngati zonyamulira chochuluka kuposa ziwiya ambiri-cholinga, monga zakudya kuwonongeka kungafune yobereka mwamsanga. magalimoto chidebe kusamutsira pasadakhale mmatumba katundu muli masekeli kuchokera matani khumi ndi ziwiri lililonse, ndipo chotengera yokha zikutipatsa matani zikwi makumi awiri ndi kusuntha imathamanga mfundo mpaka makumi atatu. Muli mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta yodzaza ndi yotsitsa chifukwa chakuti chidebe sitimayo ali ndinazolowera ndi Kuwulura onse a m'tsogolo. Nthawi zambiri, ndi potsegula ndi katundu maofesi ndi osachiritsika - gantry cranes. Matabwa - mtundu wa chidebe, ichi Bwato otchedwa mbandakucha, iwo akatulutsidwa chotengeracho mwachindunji m'madzi ndi towed kuti quay lapansi.

nyumba

Chotengera wa mtundu uwu kwa tsiku ndi maulamuliro onse apanyanja, monga luso wamphamvu ameneyu, kudya, ndi limakupatsani mofulumira kupanga potsegula ndi katundu - za khumi kuchulukitsa mofulumira kuposa pa zotengera amene si zida ndi nyumba wapadera, zomwe imangolongeza chabe inatha ndi katundu za m'chombo. Industrial chitukuko wakhala kwambiri kukodzedwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa malonda pakati pa maiko, kuli tsopano kofunikira kunyamula pa mtunda wautali zida zomangamanga, ulimi, kayendedwe. Nyanja ndi mtsinje katundu zombo sanathe bwino kugwira ntchito zimenezi.

Nyumba katundu mu nyumba, amene chabe adagulung'undisa mu m'tsogolo. Mphamvu Kanema oonetsa chitsanzo - kuchokera matani zikwi ndi zikwi khumi, ndi liwiro - kuti mfundo twente-sikisi. Izi kwambiri zingamuthandize ndi kuthamanga lero mtundu wa yonyamula katundu. Iwo zonse chikusintha. nyumba zambiri kuwonjezera pa katundu mu amaona ndinazolowera kunyamula muli pa sitimayo chapamwamba. Ngalawa zoterezi ngakhale nalo dzina lake - ndi piggyback.

bulkers

Chochuluka katundu apadera ziwiya - chochuluka zonyamulira. Izi zikhoza kukhala ores ndipo limafotokoza miyala, malasha, feteleza, zomangamanga, tirigu ndi zina zotero. maperesenti oposa makumi asanu ndi katundu onse kunyamulidwa ndi katundu youma kuusandutsa nyanja kapena mtsinje maulendo chochuluka, kotero chiwerengero cha magalimoto ikukula mofulumira: lero, maperesenti oposa makumi awiri wa tonnage la zombo dziko limabweretsa mtundu uwu.

Chochuluka onyamula anawagawa konsekonse, kwa akatundu olemera ndi kuwala. ziwiya zambiri ndinazolowera cholinga wapawiri: kwa - miyala kumbuyo - mafuta kapena magalimoto, kapena thonje, chirichonse. mtundu wa - bwalo thupi limodzi ndi superstructure ndi injini chipinda cha kumbuyo. Mphamvu amangoika yaikulu - matani zana ndi makumi asanu zikwi, koma liwiro ndi otsika - kuti mfundo sikisitini. Katundu amadutsa mu magwiridwe ndi mumbali mwa makoma kwa selfdistributed katundu - ndipo lengthwise ndi crosswise. Pakati pa flange ndi makoma thanki anakonza zoti madzi ballast. Nthawi zina bulkheads kotenga mu amaona anapangidwa kuchepetsa mpukutu, ngati katundu ankatembenukira, ndi yosanja lakonzedwa ndi reinforcements ndi yazokonza pansi unakhuthala kwa ntchito mosavuta potsegula.

mathanki

Mtundu wa khoti anawagawa mathanki zopangidwa mafuta, mafuta, mafuta mafuta, dizilo, petulo, palafini; pa Lng; ziwiya onyamula mankhwala - osungunula sulfure, zidulo, ndi monga; Mayendedwe a madzi katundu - madzi, vinyo, simenti. Mathanki Ambiri mwa dziko: maperesenti oposa makumi anai a wamalonda zombo tonnage dziko. Izi umodzi-sitimayo chotengera superstructure ndi injini chipinda ili aft.

Katundu gawo lagawidwa ndi bulkheads mu zipinda, wotchedwa akasinja. Ena a iwo akutumikira monga ballast madzi pa ulendo kubwerera. Pa chipinda mphuno mpope ili. mathanki zedi ngozi moto, kotero zida zamphamvu machitidwe moto chitetezo. Katundu mphamvu matani chikwi pa otunga matani zikwi mazana anai mu supertankers - zombo padziko lonse lapansi. Mtsinje mathanki onyamula mphamvu amadziwikanso sanakhumudwe, ena nazo matani zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri. Iyi ndi freighters mphamvu yoposera. Photo pamwamba - Pamadzi nyanja, ndi pansi - mtsinje.

Lng

Ngalawa zimenezi yonyamula mpweya liquefied - methane, propane, byuteni, amoniya, komanso mpweya achilengedwe, ndi zipangizo wapatali zosaphika ndi mafuta kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri mpweya kapena liquefied kapena chilled kapena pressurized. Lng ntchito ndi mwapadera kwa mathanki chifukwa chakuti ali kuti aganyali cylindrical akasinja - yopingasa kapena umodzi, ozungulira kapena anayi. Kutali mathanki Lng ayenera kukhala odalirika kwambiri.

ntchito katundu ikuchitika mwa dongosolo lapadera, womwenso mapampu, compressors, mapaipi ndi thanki wapakatikati. Ballast akasinja ntchito kutenga sakuyenera, koma chifukwa okonzeka pa mbali kapena pansi awiri. Mpweya kayendedwe nthawi zonse zachiwawa, choncho pali mphamvu dongosolo mpweya ndi mpweya kutayikira Alamu. Wozimitsa moto zimachitika ntchito mpweya. Panopa, anthu ambiri a m'kalasi ophatikizana a sitima nyanja ndi mayendedwe mtsinje ndi kopindulitsa - lilibe amathamanga kanthu. Kotero apo hlopkolesovozy, OBO ndi ziwiya ofanana.

RS 300

Kuyambira 1967 mpaka 1984, wachiwiri kwa sitima atatu USSR chikalata seiners 388M mtundu ntchito "RS 300 yonyamula katundu". mazana anayi makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi seiners ngati zinamangidwa, kuphatikizapo amene anali asodzi, nsomba, migodi mabwalo amilandu. Komanso, pa maziko a ntchito imeneyi anaonekera ziwiya kafukufuku makumi atatu (ngati wotchuka "changu"). pafupi theka la dazeni ngati ziwiya kwa nthawi yaitali ntchito ndi cholinga chofuna kafukufuku wa sayansi.

Pamene Soviet Union unatha, kufunika iwo wasoŵa ena zombo ali m'manja mseri, ndipo ambiri a iwo watumikira wake ndipo anayima kuyenda. Otsala nsomba retrained. Mu Far East ngati zipangizo zochepa mpaka Posachedwapa ife anagwira ntchito Border Alonda. The eniake nsomba RS 300 wolimba ndi tsopano.

gulu lina

Kuwonjezera pa gulu ndi cholinga akhoza kugawidwa mu zotengera katundu pa malo ena. Izi ndi mfundo za kukhalabe madzi, inkayenda dera, mtundu wa injini, zoyenda mfundo mtundu wotsogolera, chuma ndi mawonekedwe a nyumba ya. kukhalabe mfundoyi hydrodynamic - hydrofoils, airbag, planing ndi hydrostatic - hovercraft, kusamutsidwa (catamarans).

gulu mfundo ukugawa bwalo mu kudzikonda - chomera mphamvu, pakubwezeretsa - ndi pusher luso ndi agogo amandikhudza, komanso pachithandara - pontoons, ankafika magawo. Malinga ndi dera navigation akhoza kukhala wolemekezeka zombo panyanja, wosakaniza (mtsinje nyanja) ndi kuyenda kumtunda (mtsinje). Recent anaikira flights yochepa madzi kumtunda. Main injini mtundu ukugawa zotengera katundu pa zombo (kuyaka mkati injini) ndi dizilo (galimoto). Pa Navy sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya ndiponso kutsatira turbohody. Court agawanika pa chikhalidwe cha tinakwera pa gudumu, kagwere, vodomotnye, ndi injini ndi mapiko. Mtundu thupi chuma kungakhale zitsulo, fiberglass, konkire, matabwa. Komanso, khoti akhoza kukhala wokhutira ndi injini ndipo osati (a Bwato).

katundu ndege

Katundu ndege ntchito kutenga anthu, ndipo zosiyanasiyana katundu ndi luso. Nthawi yomweyo ndipo amazindikiridwa mosavuta ngakhale unprofessional tione. Mapiko anapereka kwambiri, makulidwe a alumikizana, ndi fuselage ndi bwino aakulu, ena "stockiness" (kotero kuti katundu akhala pafupi pansi kwa potsegula zosavuta ndi katundu). A ambiri mawilo pa galimotoyo, ndi ponytail mkulu.

Air katundu anayamba kubwerera mu 1911 - ndi adilesi. More ntchito yapadera, ndithudi, izo sizinali, iwo anali kokha mu makumi a. Woyamba ndege onse katundu-anali kupanga Germany - Air 232. zisanachitike katundu kusamutsidwa pang'ono ndinazolowera "Junkers". Ndege zimamangidwa pa ntchito yapadera kuti katundu amatchedwa freighters. Iwo anaikira anthu.

Yaikulu katundu onyamula

Izi chilombo zouluka - AN-225 ( "Dream") anayamba kupanga mu Antonov Design Bureau mu 1984, ndege yoyamba chinachitika mu 1988. Shestimotorny turbojet vysokoplan, dvuhkilevoe mchira, chinapululutsa phiko anali kulenga mphamvu-ntchito yonyamula mbali ya galimoto Launch ku Launch malo. The Soviet danga pulogalamu "Buran" zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndege imeneyi kuti ndi kuthekera pokweza matani oposa mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu.

Lockheed C-5 Way - American katundu yonyamula anabadwa mu 1968, ndi yonyamula asilikali, angathe imodzi kunyamula asanu oti muli nazo zida ogwira onyamula, akasinja awiri, BMP-zinayi, Helicopters isanu "Apache". Hughes H-4 Hercules - wamphamvu kwambiri chidwi 1947 chiyambi, ndi wingspan mamita anayi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Tsopano ndi ndege zakale, popeza anapangidwa mu buku limodzi. Boeing 747-8I - combi ndege, anamasulidwa mu ulimi mu 2008. Wakweza matani mazana anayi makumi awiri pa zinthu zofunika, koma ena kuposa katundu pa bolodi amatenga pafupifupi mazana asanu ndi anthu.