Desalting madzi: Njira ndi zida

Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa anthu wabwera imene nkhondo adzakhala zimatha kuyambitsa pa madzi. Kuti athetse vutoli njira imodzi yokha - kupeza njira mulingo woyenera kwambiri desalination madzi.

ndi madzi desalination Kodi

madzimadzi aliyense mu dongosolo lake lili kuchuluka ena salt, tizilombo, mchere. Yoyeretsa zachilengedwe madzi kapena mpopi zotuluka therefrom zinthu zoipa. Koma nthawi zina ndi gawo la ambiri salt kuti ndizipange izo osayenera kudya.

Desalting madzi - kuchepetsa ndende ya mchere. Ndondomeko amachita khalidwe okwana pamene madzimadzi akapanda zosiyanasiyana mchere, kapena tsankho, pamene anakonzeratu kuchuluka kwa mchere amakhalabe m'menemo.

njira

Full desalination amachitika m'njira zotsatirazi:

• Distillation, matenthedwe njira.
• Mwa kuwombola ion.
• electrodialysis njira.
• Chigamulocho nembanemba osmosis.

The tsankho kuchotsa mchere zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi:

• Liming.
• Barite olimbikitsa.
• H cation kuwombola.
• Kuzizira.

Njira ndalama madzi desalination amafuna onse chuma ndi mphamvu. Kusankha mankhwala njira zimadalira zili mchere wa madzimadzi pachiyambi, ntchito yoika, mtengo wa zigawo zikuluzikulu za ndondomeko (kutentha, magetsi, reagents). Njira iliyonse ali ndi ubwino ndi kuipa zimachitika kudzera luso.

tsankho desalination

Wopanda zonse madzi zosafunika ntchito mu njira zambiri mafakitale ndi kufunika ntchito mkati ndi chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha anthu. Ntchito zapakhomo chofunika demineralization wa madzi pamlingo winawake. Nthawi zambiri, ndi olimbikitsa madzi kumachitika mwa cationization.

Dongosololi analowa m'malo molimbika cations salt wa hydrogen zimene pamapeto, amachitira kuwononga ayoni bicarbonate. Mankhwala kupanga pawiri amene ali linanena bungwe ngati mpweya. Mlingo wa kuyeretsedwa Akuti ndi chiwerengero cha yotengedwa kashiamu carbonate.

distillation wa madzi

Madzi desalination mwa njira distillation - akale ndi ambiri njira lero. Ubwino ndi limapezeka chonse ndiponso sangathe - kukwera mtengo kwa ndondomekoyi. Kupeza madzi popanda Mankhwala oipitsa ntchito distillation. Iwo muli mitundu yambiri ya evaporators, kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi dongosolo ntchito ngati mphamvu. Ambiri - nthunzi ndipo magetsi makina, yodziwika ndi kukwera mtengo ndi mowa lalikulu mphamvu.

zida ndi kukatentha (kapena boilers angapo) wa mochedwerako kumene madzi ali n'kukhala nthunzi kudzalekanitsa salt kumvetsera. Kupeza pazipita ayeretsedwa ndi madzi zida zimatheka mu wosakwiya Reflux kutentha. Ndi wopanikizika, zosafunika katundu usalowe distillate condensing. Imodzi mwa njira yochepetsera mtengo ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha mapazi, koma unsembe imeneyi ndalama lalikulu koyamba.

Distillation zipangizo kuwonjezera kumwa wambirimbiri mphamvu ali kufunika chidwi zigawo zonse. Perekani chiyero mkulu angakhale mipope mtengo, mavavu, ndi kuzizira kutentha, evaporators, zopangidwa khwatsi kapena pulatinamu. zipangizo zina zosafunika.

electrochemical njira

njira tichipeza mu ndime ya madzi kupyola mmunda wa magetsi, motero pali kulanda ayoni mchere - cations amafalitsidwa mu chitsogozo cha cathode ndi anions - kuti anode lapansi. Kachitidwe ali zipinda zitatu, amene anapanga pogwiritsa ntchito cathode ndi anode diaphragms. Chipinda medial ndi madzi, wokonzedwa desalination.

Stream ndi anadutsa zonse magetsi, umene kusanja amapezeka salt pa cathode ndi anode zakulera. Njira zida zodula kwambiri mtengo ndi mtengo wa magetsi, choncho kodi sinafalikire.

ion kuwombola

Njira yodalirika, amene zimatheka ndi madzi desalting - ion kuwombola njira. The kulamulira zosafunika mwanjira imeneyi zimathandiza inu ndi madzimadzi bwino mu nthawi yochepa, chimene chiri chofunika kwa desalination mafakitale. Njira mtengo kwambiri ndi amapereka kuyeretsa chifukwa bwino.

njira zachokera kuchotsa cations kwa madzi ndi mchere anions, chifukwa mu kuyeretsedwa chingapezeke mwa kusinthasintha mlingo wa demineralization mpaka kumaliza kuchotsa wothandizila mchere. Desalting madzi ndi kuwombola ion amapezeka ndi nawo kuzizira ion ndiwo madzi insoluble ma polima munali ion makina. Pamene zinthu zinalengedwa anakonza polima akulowa kuwombola anachita ndi ayoni mchere wa chizindikiro chomwecho. Anayikidwa mu malo amadzimadzi resins pathupi, kukula kukula ndi nthawi 1.5-2.

Ndi ndime ya nthawi anasonkhana resins kusungunuka salt ndi ting'onoting'ono basi. Zimalimbikitsa kusinthidwa kuzizira ion, kenako mankhwala. Zamgululi anachokera ku zimalimbikitsa resins ion-kuwombola ndi wena otchedwa "eluates" zikuphatikizapo mchere ndi njira zamchere. Ena a iwo ndi lofunika zinthu Choncho kuwataya zigawo zikuluzikulu za mtengo wapatali.

n'zosiyana osmosis

patsogolo luso ndi kuyamba kuonera kusowa madzi oyera kungadzutse umisiri wa desalination ndi desalination. Popular njira yoti chithandizo kusintha osmosis, izo zipangitsa kudalirika kwa chitukuko cha luso Kakhungu. chidwi malonda chifukwa cha mowa ndi wotsika mphamvu. Ambiri mwa zipangizo za mfundo imeneyi ntchito kuyeretsa madzi mtsinje, zimene zinaonetseratu Mwachangu ambiri nthawi.

Banja ntchito yoika madzi desalting zochokera n'zosiyana osmosis mfundo yabwino onse mawu a mowa mphamvu, ndi khalidwe la mankhwala chifukwa. Mfundo osmosis n'zosiyana ndi madzi m'kupita opanikizika kudzera Kakhungu amene ali impermeable kuti mchere ndi zosafunika ena. Ndondomeko desalination kupereka kupanga nembanemba theka-permeable, omwe sangathe kugwira ena mpweya wa kusungunuka m'madzi (chlorine, mpweya woipa ndi zina zotero.).

n'zosiyana osmosis njira adziyeretsa madzi ku zodetsa zonse, pali demineralization wathunthu, amene ndi zoipa kwa thupi. Nthawi zambiri munthu ali ndi pafupifupi kusankha pakati wapampopi madzi kapena kuchizidwa ndi chithandizo cha fyuluta. Wamng'ono zoipa ndi madzi, wopanda zosakaniza zonse zachilengedwe.

Today m'mayiko ena alipo kale ambabzala kwa kupanga kumwa madzi, kumene desalination ntchito n'zosiyana osmosis njira, ndipo ngati mfundo zina aftertreatment kwa izo kusungunuka mpweya. Kuupereka kwa munthu wabwinobwino, pafupi ndi chikhalidwe mu makampani mu madzi oyera anawonjezera kuti yoyenera ndende mchere umboni.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa njira zazikulu

Aliyense wa njira desalination madzi makhalidwe zabwino ndi zoipa. Taganizirani iwo mwatsatanetsatane, inu mukhoza kuona ena mwa iwo kupereka mmalo:

• Ion kuwombola kumathandiza kuti madzi oyera kwambiri, dongosolo ndi odalirika ndi sakulabadira kuti mlingo woyambilira wa mineralization madzi, pamafunika zida pang'ono ndalama. desalting ndondomeko kukuchitika zomvetsa osachepera otaya. The kuipa njira komanso kuipitsidwa mofulumira chilengedwe ndi mankhwala zoipa, kukwera mtengo kwa reactants okha, dongosolo amakhala wauve mwamsanga ndipo amafuna pafupipafupi fyuluta m'malo. Kutaya zinyalala ndi fyuluta mbali ana amakumana ndi mavuto.
• Distillation. Makhazikitsidwe madzi desalting zochokera njira matenthedwe ntchito popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu mankhwala kuonetsa yabwino chifukwa madzi kwaiye pa ntchito kutentha angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zolinga zina. The amadziwika chifukwa cha njira imeneyi ndi kuthekera kuthetsa mipweya kusungunuka. The kuipa njira ina: ndalama mkulu mphamvu, chithandizo madzi, mtengo wa yokonza unsembe (kuyeretsa mbali zonse), kukwera mtengo kwa zipangizo.
• kachitidwe Kakhungu asiyana na ruggedness choyambirira madzi ndondomeko sikutanthauza mankhwala, ndi zosavuta kusamalira. Makhalidwe oipa ndi: yokonza ndondomeko madzi mankhwala, wambirimbiri madzi ntchito zipangizo, mkulu mowa mphamvu zimakhudza mtengo chomaliza mankhwala.

Desalting kunyumba

Madzi kusefera - njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri positi mankhwala. Desalting la nyanja kapena bwino madzimadzi panyumba, pali njira ziwiri wamba:

• A chidebe cha madzi kuika mu mufiriji ndi kusiya kwa amaundana chosakwanira. Salt ndi mbali ina ya amaundana madzi, ayezi ayenera kusungunula, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo. Ayeretsedwe zina zofunika kuphonya mtundu uliwonse wa madzi ndi sefa banja. njira imatchedwa ozizira distillation.
• Kutenthako. Tengani muli awiri kukula osiyana, wothiridwa mu lalikulu madzi nyanja / mchere, wamanzere kanthu ndipo anaikidwa mphika waukulu. Kapangidwe lonse akhoza adzaikidwa kwa Kutentha mu mbale kapena kumanzere dzuwa, pambuyo kutseka chivindikiro. M'pofunika kukwaniritsa yapang'onopang'ono kuwira saltwater. Mabanja mosatsata mchere, adzawonjezeka thanki ndi kanthu. The evaporation dzuwa idzayenda zambiri pang'onopang'ono. Mu njira imeneyi amakhala ndithu pang'ono madzi akumwa.

Desalination ndi madzi desalination artisanal zotheka, koma zotsatira osauka. Njira adzakhala kugula zomera chithandizo banja.

unsembe zoweta

Ntchito zapakhomo zambiri chofunika dongosolo la ayeretsedwa ndi madzi. Madzi kusefera akhoza kuchitika mu njira zingapo:

• Chophweka ndi angakwanitse - mtsuko ndi zosefera replaceable.
• The nozzle kuteteza Kireni lapansi.
• Table madzi Zosefera.
• Ophatikizidwa dongosolo, akuchita kukonza madzimadzi malingana mayikidwe a (yekha khitchini, chakudya mfundo ya madzi kulowa m'nyumba multistage madzi fyuluta kuyeretsedwa ku zitsime artesian, ndi zina zotero. D.).

Ngakhale kachitidwe zoweta sangathe kwathunthu kuthetsa mchere madzi pansi madzi yovuta koma akhoza. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kudziwa chimene zinthu izo ladzala kusankha dongosolo la makatiriji madzi, zosefera kapena reagents. Desalting ndondomeko amafuna zida wonse, ndi lalikulu kwa unsembe, chuma chachikulu chuma ndi kupezeka kwa utumiki dongosolo kuti sikukudziwika osiyanasiyana ogula.

Mitundu ya Pakhomo Kukonza

Pakali pano, zotsatirazi chithandizo cha mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito madzi:

• Mpweya kusefera. chipangizo ndi chidebe wodzazidwa ndi nkhuni, malasha kapena adamulowetsa. Madzi likuyenderera mu sefa, kuyeretsa wa chlorine zinthu wochuluka, mankhwala tizilombo, mabakiteriya ndi zina zotero. D. sefa akupezeka pa mtengo, cholimba ndiponso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
• Chabwino kuyeretsa. mtundu wa fyuluta lagawidwa mitundu iwiri - wosakwatiwa-ntchito ndi multifunction. Pakuti kusankha kulikonse kwa utumiki chofunika - kosalekeza kusintha makatiriji madzi, m'malo mavavu ndi zina zotero.
• Strainer. Chotsani particulate zosafunika lalikulu (mchenga, dzimbiri, sludge ndi zina zotero.).
• Nato kuyeretsa. Ndi mtundu fyuluta zikuphatikizapo machitidwe ndi osmosis n'zosiyana, Zosefera Mipikisano gawo, ndi zina zotero.

M'madera ambiri a Russia ndi chokha chofunika zina yoyeretsa ya madzi, chuma madzi mu dziko chikukwanira. The okha dera kumene kungakhale kupanda madzi - ndi Crimea, pamene, mwinamwake, amafuna zomera mafakitale kuti desalinate madzi nyanja. zipangizo zonse zikugwira njira ndi setifiketi. Desalination ndi demineralization wa madzi ayenera kukhala njira yochokera mwasayansi ndi zotsatira zofunika mayeso m'mikhalidwe zasayansi.