Ivan Grozny: umunthu makhalidwe mwachidule. Kufufuza Ivana Groznogo

Mfumu yoyamba ya onse Russia Ivan wachinayi kapena Ivan Grozny, khalidwe la munthu amene ali ndi chidwi mu ambiri a m'nthawi yathu, anapeza pa zaka za ulamuliro wake, kuchuluka malo aakulu, nthawi zina moyembekezera ankhanza njira. , Imatchedwanso polenga dziko dongosolo la mphamvu centralized. Koma palibe amene akudziwa zambiri chinathandiza wotchuka wake: utumiki kuti boma kapena zowawa ndi wopupuluma mtima?

Ivan Grozny: umunthu ndi chi, komanso m'mlengalenga ozungulira

The tsar Russian, amene analamulira kuyambira 1547, anali chidzukulu cha Ivana Velikogo ndi mwana wake Vasily III. mayi wake - Mfumukazi ya chiyambi Mongolian. Pamene Ivan zaka zitatu, bambo ake anamwalira, ndipo zaka zisanu pambuyo mayi ake anamwalira (monga ena, mwina poizoni). Padziko mnyamata kukhwima anali chikhalidwe cha mpikisano zonse ndi chinyengo. Achinyamata kudwala, nkhanza, mpheto ndiponso kusaphunzira.

Kulimbana ndi mphamvu mu nyumba yachifumu inasanduka wosamwerana madzi wamagazi. Ivan yekha anamuwona kapena anamva za kupha ndi kumenyedwa. Ndipo nthawi zambiri chinaperekedwa ku kunyozedwa ndi thupi. Sititha kugunda oyang'anira ndende awo poyankha iye anaphwetsera ukali wake pa nyama chitetezo, amene mwankhanza ndi kuponyedwa ku nsonga nsanja. Choncho anakhala ubwana wake Ivan Grozny. Umunthu khalidwe la iye - yovuta, chifukwa kwambiri amadziwika za iye, koma makamaka - chabe aiwala kapena glossed pa.

Ophunzira, zachilendo ndipo amazipanga wopembedza ...

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Ivan mwamphamvu chinkhoswe mu mabuku kuwerenga ndipo anawawerenga pa mofulumira kwambiri. Iye analemba kwambiri, kuphunzira nyimbo ndipo amakhala wokwera kwambiri. Mwaluntha, iye anali olemera kuposa anthu ena. Kudziwa ndi makhalidwe a Ivan m'khutu mu nthawi ya ankaphunzira ndi azambiriyakale ambiri. Munthu ameneyu kotero m'Matchalitchi m'maganizo ake ndi kuphunzira kuti zikhoza kuvala ndime ndi olamulira ambiri woyenera.

Inde, ndi amphamvu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, achipembedzo kwambiri ndipo nthawi kusunga miyambo zovuta cha Orthodox. Iwo amatenga nawo mbali mu zosiyanasiyana mpingo. Pa sikisitini, mu 1547, Ivan anavekedwa. milungu itatu anakwatira Anastasia Romanovna.

Iye anasankhidwa ndi atsikana perete, naperekanso achinyamata Tsar. Mfumukazi anam'berekera ana asanu, amene awiri okha anapulumuka. Pamene anali kukhala m'dziko anzake a satini Anastasia wakhala anakhudzidwa pansi anthuwo pa aliuma, mantha ndi wosakhazikika chikhalidwe cha mwamuna wake.

Chiyambi cha ulamuliro: mtsogoleri usilikali

Inali nthawi imeneyi, kuyambira 1547 mpaka 1560 gg., The ziyenera a munthu ndi ntchito ya Ivana Groznogo, monga ulamuliro, amanyamula zoipitsitsa kwambiri positive. Iye amakhalira mtsogoleri chikumbumtima ndi achipembedzo. Ivan yoikidwiratu chenjezo akulu, anakhazikitsa National Assembly akuchita kukonza boma, ndipo anafola kachidindo latsopano la malamulo amene standardize udindo ndi ntchito ya apamwamba.

Umunthu wa Tsar Ivan IV m'khutu amakhala otchuka osati boma Russian. Iye amatenga ulamuliro wa Volga, ndi kupeza Nyanja Caspian, kumalimbikitsa malonda ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo England, France ndi Holland. Komanso, kuitana ojambula achilendo, izo zikugwira ulemerero wa Moscow. Ndipo ine ndiyenera makamaka taonera mkulu mfundo zawo mwapang'onopang'ono utsogoleri. Choncho anayamba kulamulira Ivan Grozny, makhalidwe umunthu zimadziwika bwino osati kwa mbiri yakale, komanso anthu ambiri bwino-Werengani.

Kudzutsidwa mtima kudwala

Mu 1553, Ivan wachinayi amadwala matenda aakulu, pamene anayamba kuganiza nduna zake za Kaisara. Amaona tathema kubwezera mabanja awo, ntchito wozunzikirapo ndiponso kunyongedwa. Ndipo pamene mkazi wake anamwalira pa 1560, anayamba nthawi ya mwankhanza nyama.

Tsopano m'nthawi yake akupereka chosiyana Ivan - kwambiri. Khalidwe la munthu wa mfumu amayenda inu ngakhale mu maphunziro a kusukulu ndi aliyense wophunzira akudziŵa kuti kuyambira nthawi imene iye ayamba amasiyana chosefukira nkhanza. moyo Banja Ivan IV kusakhazikika, kusonyeza wodzikonda ake, odzikayikira ndi wosangalala monyanyira makhalidwe.

moyo wachisokonezo banja

Mu 1561 adzakwatira mkazi wokongola Mary Temryukovna, koma posakhalitsa wotopa nazo. zaka ziwiri pambuyo pa imfa yake, Ivan kukwatira Marfe Vasilevne Sobakinoy - mwana wa munthu wamalonda, amene anafa Patapita milungu iwiri.

The mkazi chachinayi cha Ivana Groznogo - Anna Alekseevna Koltovskaya. Izo akutumiza izo ansembe, ndi 1575 anakwatira kwa nthawi wachisanu, pa Anne Grigorevne Vasilchikovoy. Wopusa dona ali wokonda, amene Ivan Chachinayi anabzala pamtengo mwachindunji pansi pa zenera lake, ndi wachigololo kwambiri malumbiro mu Sisitere. ukwati wake wotsiriza unali kwa Maria Nagaya. Ivan wachinayi m'banja lake mu mu 1581. Pali Mabaibulo ena a akazi a m'khutu anafa poyizoni.

Wolamulira, amene anakhala wotchuka chifukwa chochitiridwa sanakonde

Kumene, owerenga akudziwa za kanjedza ambiri mbiri. Ivan Grozny, Petr Veliky, Catherine Wamkulu, ndi zina zotero. Koma Ivan Chachinayi - ndi mfumu, amene adamva aliyense, ngakhale amene sadziwa mbiri. Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa ngati chilengedwe kutchuka?

Izi mwina nthawi kuzisiya cha ulamuliro wake, amene anali pachimake kuchokera 1564 mpaka zaka 1572. Pamene, monga magwero a mbiri yakale, John V. mwankhanza kuzunzidwa kapena kuphedwa kumene zikwi za anthu ake, ndipo ambiri ngakhale eni. Iye ankafuna kuti ayeretse dziko la "zinthu wonyenga". Mu 1570, pa maziko a zinadziwika unproven wa woukira boma mzinda wonse wa Novgorod anazunzidwa. anthu makumi asanu zikwi anaphedwa pa sabata imodzi.

Kodi ndimayesetsa munthu uyu mosamalitsa mbiri

Ivan Chachinayi analamulira mpaka 1584. Ena mwa anthu olemba mbiri imati ntchito kwa mphamvu, munthu minyozo ya suspiciousness zimabwezera nkhanza, ambiri kumuika mlandu wa khanda ... Kodi kupeza yemwe ali wolondola? Chokhacho akanachita - wofufuza mbiriyakale, koma kudzatenga nthawi yayitali. Kotero ife kupita njira zina. Zimenezi zingakuthandizeni kuti ayanjane ndi munthu aliyense, kaya ndi anzathu kapena Amalume Vasya wotchuka Ivan Grozny? umunthu khalidwe. Mwachidule kupuma chabe mfundo zikuluzikulu, n'zotheka kudziwa osatha kukayikirana, losakhutiritsidwa nkhanza ndi katangale kwambiri. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, ichi ndi makhalidwe kwambiri wa mfumu.

Mu ulamuliro wake, nkomwe mmodzi wa m'banja lapamwamba chiyambi sanali anakhudzidwa ndi kudzikonda chifuniro cha mfumu. Osawerengeka minda ananyanyalidwa akadzaukira la asilikali ndi nzika za anakakamizika kusiya nyumba zawo kuti akafunefune cha chipulumutso. Mwamsanga sinditchula ichi munthu wankhanza, ndi despot, wamisala, wakupha wa mwana wake ... "Ambiri, - owerenga adzanena - sourpuss". Ndipo ubwana Ivana Groznogo zatenganso mbali yofunika kwambiri imeneyi. Chifukwa, nthawi zambiri, kale mu zaka zoyambilira ndi nkhanza chowawa anauika mnyamata, umene unaonekera mwa akukula. Kukula mu malo amene analamulira mu nyumba ya Ivan wachinayi sanathenso kulankhula ndi mayi kapena bambo, palibe alibe thandizo - kapena thupi kapena abwino. Choncho si kwa ife kuweruza mtima Kusakhazikika kapena kulephera kwa psyche lapansi.