Maphunziro Tizilombo: zitsanzo, mitundu, mbali

Tizilombo, zitsanzo ndi makhalidwe umene ife tsopano kulingalira - gulu lalikulu kwambiri zolengedwa zonse zokhala lathuli. Iwo limapangidwa pafupifupi 80% ya chiwerengero cha mitundu ya nyama. Pamitundu yoposa miliyoni ali gulu monga tizilombo. Zitsanzo kudziwika kwa sayansi - osati mitundu yonse yomwe ilipo mu chirengedwe. Mwina kwambiri koma kuti apeza. Anafotokoza zambiri malasha ndi zilipo njira wosazindikira wa angalongosolere zamoyo mayunitsi lero 29. anawagawa tizilombo. Zitsanzo za mitundu ano ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi. mafupawa kwambiri wa wotsika Carboniferous (miliyoni 345. Zaka zapitazo). Panthawi imeneyi lalikulu nkhalango m'madambo kale anthu tizilombo mapiko.

nyama ubiquitous

Ngakhale mu nyanja ya tizilombo moyo. Zitsanzo za mitundu Komabe, pang'ono. Ena mwa iwo kukhala pamwamba, pamene ena akupezeka woyendera nthambi intertidal, ndi mtundu umodzi ngakhale amakhala m'nyanjayo. Koma kulikose atagonjetsa nyama zina zonse, pali aonekera ndithu ndi tizilombo - kaya waufulu wa mtundu kapena majeremusi a zamoyo zina. Tizilombo, ndithudi, - mawonekedwe lalikulu la moyo kuchokera kozizira kwa dziko. Ena mwa iwo amakhala pansi chisanu ndi ayezi, ndi zina - mu zipululu, ndi ena - mu nyanja mchere ndi akasupe a madzi otentha. tizilombo dziko ndi yosiyanasiyana. Kum'mwera kwa California, pali ngakhale ntchentche (Psilopa petrolei), amene amathera moyo wake mu puddles mafuta. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu chuma cha tizilombo - luso lawo kuwuluka.

Luso kuuluka

Kupatulapo angapo mitundu wosazindikira, tizilombo kwambiri ikuyenda momasuka mu mlengalenga, kuzipatsa kufufuza malo atsopano, kuzemba zolusa, kupeza abwenzi kupeza chakudya mosavuta kuposa amatha flightless nyama zonse zopanda mafupa awo achibale. Ena agwire nyama mu mlengalenga. Ngakhale chitukuko tizilombo ake ndipo ayenera kuuluka, chiŵerengero cha thupi m'dera mapiko ndi theoretically iwo sayenera kuwuluka. Ndipotu, minofu ya mapiko awo kupanga ndi kugulitsa mphamvu pa liwiro yopambana. Mkulu pafupipafupi chikusesa compensates akusowa Nyamulani.

Makulidwe tizilombo ndiponso udindo wawo mu ukuyenda zamoyo zinachita

Makulidwe tizilombo komanso ankagwira ntchito yotamandika mu zamoyo wa chitukuko. Pamene iwo anali chabe anaonekera pafupifupi mamiliyoni 350 zapitazo, zikhalidwe za moyo ndiko amatikumbutsa pano. Tizilombo katswiri ufulu ndigwira niches zachilengedwe. Ikufotokoza kukula ochepa awo (dziwani kudziwika malasha dragonflies ndi wingspan cm mpaka 76), iwo kupulumuka ndi kuchulukitsa zinthu akumane nyama zikuluzikulu.

tizilombo wosazindikira

Akukhulupirira kuti tizilombo ali mbadwa makolo, millipedes ofanana ndi amene ali womveka makamaka ndi kukhalapo kwa magulu atatu okha a nthambi. Mugulu amamangiriridwa ku gawo limodzi la chifuwa (mbali pakati pa thupi). The wosazindikira ambiri a mitundu zamakono - izi ndi tizilombo wingless zitsanzo za kuphatikizapo detachments anayi ogwirizana mu dzina Apterygota. ena onse ndi mapiko ndipo amatchedwa Pterygota. Springtails ndi protura zinachitika, mwina kwa anthu ndi ofanana diplura, koma magulu onse zayambika mu madera osiyana. Pakuti springtails yodziwika ndi foloko wapadera pamimba, ndi kumachita ngati kasupe ndi limalola nyama kudumpha bwino. Protura alibe tinyanga, ndi zina awo ndi forelimbs.

Magulu waukulu ndi magulu tizilombo mapiko

Sitepe lofunika kusanduka anali chitukuko cha mapangidwe mapiko tizilombo ndi luso kuwuluka. mayunitsi awiri - mayflies ndi dragonflies, amene oimira sungaike mapiko pa nsana wake pa mpumulo, ndi ogwirizana Palaeoptera gulu (drevnekrylyh). Tizilombo ndi luso limeneli kupanga Neoptera gulu (novokrylyh). magulu asanu ndi awiri amaonedwa wosazindikira ambiri Neoptera. Iwo yodziwika ndi mouthparts mwachilungamo wophweka. Komanso, zimagwiritsa zamiyendo Inayi tizilombo. Zitsanzo: The earwigs (onani chithunzi pamwambapa), chiswe, mphemvu, ndi Mantis neri Al detachment stoneflies - lateral nthambi ndi zinthu zambiri chachikale chinkawavuta .. Detachments klopopodobnyh tizilombo kuwonetsa kusintha pang'onopang'ono wa mouthparts lapansi. Iye ali wosazindikira ndi unspecialized mu psocoptera (onani chithunzi m'munsimu) kapena chitukuko cha kuboola-woyamwa nsikidzi ndi.

zipani zina tizilombo (Neuropteroidea) analandira mwayi kwambiri pa achibale awo ambiri wosazindikira mwa kuwongolera mkombero chitukuko.

Tizilombo ndi chosakwanira ndipo wathunthu kutembenuka

Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yonse ya Palaeoptera Neoptera ndi m'magulu awiri, malingana ndi mkombero chitukuko. Tizilombo ndi chosakwanira metamorphosis (zitsanzo za amene ali Hemimetabola ndi Apterygota) yodziwika ndi chakuti dzira aswa achinyamata (nymphs) akukumbutsa akulu. Patatha kudutsa mndandanda wa molts, nymphs kukhala athanzi wamkulu. Tizilombo ndi metamorphosis zonse (Holometabola) aswa kuchokera larva dzira sizimawoneka ngati munthu wamkulu.

Mbali imeneyi (mbozi kapena mphutsi nyongolotsi-ngati) Nthawi zambiri amadya chakudya chosiyana. Mphutsi kwasanduka pupa, zomwe zikhale mu siteji mpumulo pa miyezi yambiri kenako kupyolera metamorphosis (minofu kukhazikitsanso) adziwonetsa ngati tizilombo wamkulu. Kusiyana moyo pakati pa iyo ndi wamkulu athe kukhala ndi malo osiyana kwambiri. Ndi Holometabola amapereka 84% ya chiwerengero cha mitundu tizilombo, ndipo ambiri a iwo ndi tanthauzo lofunika zachuma.

Hymenoptera

Hymenoptera - detachment yaikulu, ndilo dziko la tizilombo. Iwo yodziwika ndi chakuti dongosolo zofunika dongosolo ali kusintha pang'ono kapena ayi. Komabe, nyama ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi ena tizilombo ndi metamorphosis wathunthu. Izi ndi gulu mwachilungamo akutali, koma ndi chikhalidwe cha chitukuko larval ndi metamorphosis, akuyandikira chinkhanira.

Anatengera kwa chilengedwe

Pakuti Coleoptera - unit yaikulu mu ufumu nyama - amakhala ndi chitukuko cha elytra yovuta, kuphimba kumbuyo kwa awiri mapiko membranous, zimene kuthawa. Mphamvu ya mafupa lakunja ndi mphamvu dziphunzitsiranso dongosolo zofunika thupi anatsimikizira zinthu kutsogolera mu chitukuko cha anthu achikulire a malo osiyana. The endopterygota otsala m'magulumagulu kuzungulira kamodzi yaikulu detachment chinkhanira.

Agulugufe akuzindikiridwa ndi mapiko wazikang'a ndi mouthparts apadera kusinthidwa kwa kudya timadzi tokoma. The zamoyo wa gulu ndi anthu ena a dongosolo Diptera anali mogwirizana kwambiri ndi zamoyo wa zomera maluwa.

Trichoptera nthambi kuchokera agulugufe kupeza mapiko acheya ndi kumatafuna mouthparts. Mphutsi ndi m'madzi moyo. Diptera kuwuluka kudzera awiri kutsogolo kwa mapiko, ndipo chachiwiri anatembenukira kwa halters kusewera mu udindo ndege mgwirizano ziwalo. Diptera mphutsi chionetsero chachikulu dziphunzitsiranso specialization kuposa tizilombo tina. Achinyamata ambiri kudya magazi, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa udindo wawo kufala kwa matenda opatsirana. Pafupi Diptera ndi utitiri, iwo alibe mapiko ndipo thupi flattened laterally. Pa detachment nsabwe gulu ili kwa ectoparasites nyama magazi ofunda.

vuto tizilombo

Osiyanasiyana evolutionarily patsogolo tizilombo Holometabola zambiri kuwononga kwambiri kwa munthu. Iwo akhoza kuwononga mbewu kapena kufalitsa matenda oopsa. Pakati Hemimetabola tizilombo ochepa amenewa. Zitsanzo (tizirombo) - nsabwe ndi dzombe. Koma iwo amayambitsa mavuto aakulu kwa anthu. mitundu imodzi yokha - chipululu dzombe (Schistocerca gregaria) - zingachititse njala oposa 10% ya anthu padziko lonse. tizilombo (onani chithunzi m'munsimu) wachulukitsa mofulumira pambuyo mvula ndipo mwadzidzidzi ambiri, kudya amadyera onse panjira.

Koma ziyenera kuti tizilombo kwambiri ndi pafupifupi vuto lililonse. Komanso, iwo udindo wawo singasiyanitsidwe mu chirengedwe.

Choncho, takambirana chidwi ndi lalikulu zimenezi gulu la ziweto, ngati tizilombo. Zitsanzo dzina, gulu ndi makhalidwe awo anali kuperekedwa nkhaniyi. Tikukhulupirira, kuwerenga anali okoma ndi zothandiza inu.