Ndi ziwiri wosakanizidwa kusinthanitsidwa Kodi

Malamulo a cholowa Mendel kwa monohybrid mtanda anasunga mu nkhani ya kwambiricho ziwiri wosakanizidwa. Mu mtundu uwu wa mogwirizana kholo mitundu amasiyana ndi mitundu iwiri iwiri ya makhalidwe zosiyana.

Taganizirani chitsanzo cha Mendel dihybrid mtanda ndi kutsimikizira malamulo. Anawoloka mitundu iwiri ya nandolo: ndi maluwa woyera ndi felemu zachilendo ndipo maluwa wofiirira ndi elongated felemu. Onse amene m'nthawi ya m'badwo anali yachibadwa maluwa woyera ndi whisk a. Kuchokera pamenepa tinganene kuti mtundu woyera (amaimira C) ndi kutalika yachibadwa (kulemba E) - ndi wamphamvu zimaonetsa ndi chibakuwa (s) ndi elongate whisk (e) - recessive. Pamene kudziletsa kubereketsa zomera za m'badwo woyamba wa zomera linagawanika. Chifukwa cha momveka kupanga ulendo chiwembu.

Choyamba mtanda: P1 × CCEE CCEE

G 2Ss ndi 2Ee

F1 CCEE

The mating chachiwiri (selfing F1 hybrids) P2 × CCEE CCEE. Dihybrid mtanda amapita kupanga mitundu 16 zygotes. Aliyense gamete adzakhala ali nthumwi imodzi kuchokera awiriawiri jini ndi P ndi E-E awiriawiri. Pamene C izi jini ndi Mwina ofanana akhoza pamodzi E kapena tumizani nawonso, ndipo akhoza kuphatikiza ndi E kapena makalata The chifukwa wosakanizidwa CCEE mitundu ndi pafupipafupi wofanana mitundu gamete 4: .. CE, Ge, CE, CE. Obedin pamodzi, iwo apanga zinthu ngati: 9 ndi wabwinobwino woyera corolla, ndi 3 woyera elongate whisk 3 ndi wabwinobwino felemu magenta ndi magenta 1 ndi felemu elongated.

Mu m'badwo wachiwiri ndi kudutsa hybrids padera, kunja ofanana mitundu makolo, akalumikidzidwa anapanga ndi osakaniza latsopano la zilembo (combinative kapena masiyanidwe majini). zodabwitsazi amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu zamoyo wa zokolola ma latsopano la makhalidwe dziphunzitsiranso. Komanso mwakhama ntchito mu kuswana, kumene crossbreeding zomera ndi nyama za mitundu bwino ndi Mitundu limachititsa kuti atchule zamoyo zina.

chiwerengero cha phenotypes mu F2 ndi zosakwana chiwerengero cha genotypes. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mgwirizano wa gametes osiyana kupereka yemweyo makhalidwe morphological. Kotero, ife tipeze akuwaza wa fenotayipi wa - 9: 3: 3: 1.

Izi kusinthanitsidwa ziwiri wosakanizidwa zingatheke ngati majini lalikulu ili mu DNA nonhomologous. Cytological maziko a chotero pophatikizana ndi kukonzanso - meiosis ndi umuna. Mendel anaona kuti zoterezi zimachitika imene imachititsa gulu lirilonse la makhalidwe tinatengera paokha, momasuka kuti amaphatikiza ma n'kotheka (palokha cholowa).

chito onse a cholowa chimene Mendel anapereka osakwatiwa ndi ziwiri wosakanizidwa mating, khalidwe la ma zovuta zambiri. Choncho, poligibridnoe ndizi kumachitika pamene zamoyo atengedwa kwa wolemekezeka mbali iyi atatu kapena zambiri zosiyana. Pa mtima wa maphatikizidwe uyu wa gametes ndi kusokonekera kwa uthengawu ku maselo ndi malamulo a chimbudzi ndi osadalira pa cholowa.

Kuyambira takambiranazi, taona kuti ziwiri wosakanizidwa kusinthanitsidwa - Ndipotu, awiri paokha kufika ndizi wamba komwe chizindikiro zina ndi n'komwe (monohybrid). Izi ndi zoona nyama ndi zomera.