"Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" chaka cha chilengedwe ndi wolemba

Zoposa zaka 900, ku Russia infomeshoni zawo za mbiri ya wotchuka "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", yeniyeni tsiku kulemba amene akadali osadziwika. A zambiri kutsutsana ndi funso kwa olemba ntchito.

mawu ochepa A za zikhulupiliro ndi mabuku a mbiri yakale

postulates Scientific pa nthawi zambiri nkhani kusintha, koma ngati m'munda wa sayansi, umagwirira, zamoyo, sayansi ya kapena ofanana zisinthe sayansi zochokera chizindikiritso cha mfundo yatsopano, nkhani si monga anasintha mokomera boma kapena mogwirizana ndi ofala. Mwamwayi, munthu masiku ano ali zambiri mwayi wawo kupeza fanizirani mfundo zokhuza zimene zinachitika zaka zambiri ndipo zaka zapitazo, komanso timudziwe bwino asayansi amene satsatira zikhulupiriro za makolo. Zonsezi pamwambapa imakhudzanso chofunika kumvetsa mbiri ya chikalata Russian ngati "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", chaka cha chilengedwe ndi analembedwa limene posachedwapa mafunso ena m'gulu la sayansi.

"Nthano ya makedzana Zaka": analembadi

Kuyambira ambiri a "The nthano ya makedzana Zaka" za Mlengi wake lingapezeke kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XI anakhala Pechora obisika. Makamaka, pali umboni za kuukira Polovtsy obisika izi mu 1096, zomwe yokha anaona mbiri. Komanso, chikalata ankanena za imfa ya Yohane mkulu, amene anathandiza kulemba ntchito zakale, ndipo ananena kuti imfa ya mmonke anatenga malo mu 1106, kutanthauza kuti pa nthawi imeneyo munthu amene anapanga kujambula anali moyo.

Russian boma sayansi, kuphatikizapo Soviet, kuyambira nthawi ya Peter Wamkulu ananena kuti wolemba buku la "The nthano ya makedzana Zaka" - za mbiri Nestor. The wamkulu mbiri chikalata amatanthauza izo, ndi wotchuka Ipatiev amafotokoza, zinalembedwa 20 ntchentche za m'ma XV. ntchito imeneyi ikuphatikizapo mutu osiyana lemba la "The nthano ya makedzana Zaka" lomwe lili m'mbuyo kutchulidwa monga woyambitsa mmonke ku agulupa ya Pechersk. Ndipo dzina la Nestor anali woyamba kutchulidwa lokwanira ndendende Crypt Chimonko Polycarp Archimandrite Akindinov. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira "Moyo wa St. Anthony", wasenza pa maziko a miyambo ya pakamwa ya agulupa ya.

Nestor ndi mbiri

The "chipembedzo" mlembi wa buku "The nthano ya makedzana Zaka" anali canonized ndi tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox, choncho angathe kuwerenga za m'miyoyo ya oyera. tikuphunzira zinthu zimenezi kuti mmonke Nestor anabadwa mu Kiev mu 1050-ntchentche. Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri anayamba Kiev Mapanga ansembe yotchedwa, kumene iye anali novice wa St. Theodosius. Ali mwachilungamo wamng'ono, Nestor anatenga zowinda ndi analandiranso yotsegulira dikoni. Pa moyo wake anakhala mu Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: kuno analemba osati "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", chaka cha kukhazikitsidwa samadziwika kwa ena, koma miyoyo ya oyera ndi wotchuka Akalonga Boris ndi Gleb, ndipo ntchitoyi, zimene limanena za moyo wodzimana oyambirira obisika a. magwero mpingo anasonyezanso kuti Nestor zafika kucha atakalamba anamwalira 1114.

Kodi anati "nthano ya makedzana Zaka"

"Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" - mbiri ya dziko lathu, likufotokoza yaikulu nthawi span, amazipanga wolemera zosiyanasiyana zochitika. Mpukutu akuyamba ndi nkhani ya November ana, amene - Yafeti -dostalis anira dziko monga Armenia, Britain, Scythia, Dalmatia, Ionia, Illyria, Macedonia, Media, Kapadokiya, Paphlagonia, Thessaly ndi ena. Abale anayamba kumanga Babulo mizati, koma Yehova anakwiya osati anawononga nyumba imeneyi, embodying kunyada anthu, koma anagawa anthu "70 2 anthu", amene anali Noriko - makolo a Asilavo mbadwa za ana aamuna a Yafeti. Komanso akutchula za Mtumwi Andrew, amene ankaneneratu kuti pa magombe a Dnieper adzakhala mzinda waukuluwo umene ndi zimene zinachitika pamene cue Prince abale Scheck ndi Horiv anayambitsa Kiev. Buku ina yofunika nkhawa chaka 862, pamene "Chud, Slovenia, Krivichi ndi" anapita Varangians kuwatcha kulamulira, ndipo anafika pa kuitana kwa abale atatu Rurik, Truvor ndi Sineus ndi mabanja ndipo idzatha. Awiri a atsopano boyars - Askold ndi Dir - kutenga tchuti Novgorod ku Constantinople ndi kuona msewu Kiev, anakhala kumeneko. Komanso, "The nthano ya makedzana Zaka", chaka cha chilengedwe chimene mbiri yakale koma kulongosolerana, limafotokoza nkhani ya ulamuliro wa Oleg ndi Igor, ndipo limafotokoza nkhani ya ubatizo wa Lazaro. Nkhani itha ndi zochitika za 1117.

"Nthano ya makedzana Zaka": mbiri ya mankhwala

Nestorovskaya Nkhani anadziwika pambuyo Peter Wamkulu mu 1715 analamula kukopera ndi Radzivilovskogo mndandanda kusungidwa mu laibulale Koenigsberg. Sungani chikalatacho, kutsimikizira kuti maganizo a mfumu kuti mipukutu izi n'kutunga Yakov Bryus - umunthu, chidwi mu njira iliyonse. Iye anapereka dongosolo Radzivilovskogo mndandanda mu chinenero chamakono Vasily Tatishchev, yemwe kulemba mbiri ya Russia. Komanso, kuphunzira buku la chinkhoswe mu asayansi amenewa wodziwika bwino A. Shleptser, P. M. Stroev ndi A. A. Shahmatov.

Nestor ya mbiri. "Nthano ya makedzana Zaka": A view A.Shahmatova

A maonekedwe atsopano pa "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" anali akufuna m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. Mlembi wake unali wotchuka wasayansi A. A. Shahmatov amene adaganiza ndi m'Malemba "mbiri yatsopano" ntchito. Makamaka, anatchula mfundo mokomera chakuti mu 1039 ku Kiev m'chipinda chotetezeka analengedwa mu Kiev pa maziko a mbiri Byzantine ndi folklore m'deralo, amene tinganene kuti chikalata wamkulu wa mtundu uwu mu Russia. Pa nthawi yomweyo lidalembedwa Novgorod Novgorod Chronicle. Ndi pa maziko a ntchito ziwiri 1073 Nestor atalenga woyamba Crypt m'chipinda chotetezeka, ndiye kachiwiri ndi potsiriza "nthano ya makedzana Zaka".

"Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" lolembedwa ndi mmonke Russian kapena kalonga Scottish?

The zaka ziwiri zapitazo zakhala wolemera onse a kutengeka mbiri. Komabe, chilungamo chiyenera kuti ena mwa iwo sanapeze umboni sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, lero pali chikhulupiriro chakuti "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", chaka cha chilengedwe ndi pafupifupi kokhaku zoona, zinalembedwa mu nthawi ya pakati pa zaka 1110 ndi 1118, ndi mazana asanu ndi limodzi mtsogolo. Mulimonsemo, ngakhale azambiriyakale boma amavomereza kuti Radzivilovsky mndandanda T. E. A mapepala, amene akutchedwa analembedwa Nestor, anapangidwa m'zaka XV ndipo nthawi yomweyo chokongoletsedwa ndi ankapenta ambiri. Komanso, Tatishchev analemba "History of Russia" ngakhale naye, ndi ofotokozera za ntchitoyi chinenero yofanana ndi woyambitsa amene mwina anali Yakov Bryus - anali mdzukulu wa Mfumu Scotland Robert Choyamba. Koma ganizo limeneli ulibe kulungamitsidwa iliyonse yaikulu.

ndicho chachikulu cha ntchito zomwe Nestorovskogo

Akatswiri amene kuwalanga view mwamwayi Ntchito zimachitika Nestor ndi mbiri, kukhulupirira kuti kunali koyenera zifukwa autocracy ngati njira yokhayo ya boma Russia. Komanso, pamanja ichi chimavala kuthetsa nkhani ya kukana za "milungu yakale," kunenanso Chikhristu monga chipembedzo chimodzi chokha choona. Mu izo, ndipo anali zomwenso waukulu.

"Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" - ichi ndi ntchito yokhayo imene imafotokoza Baibulo ovomerezeka a Ubatizo wa Russia, onse basi akulumikiza izo. Ichinso chiyenera kukhala kwambiri kwambiri chinkhoswe mu phunziro ake. Ndipo ndi "The nthano ya makedzana Zaka" amene makhalidwe atengedwa mu historiography boma lero kufunsidwa, ndiye gwero woyamba limatiuza kuti akalonga Russian wotsikayo kuchokera Rurik. Ntchito iliyonse mbiri zofunika kwambiri chilengedwe tsiku. "Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" lomwe lili kufunika kwapadera kwa historiography Russian, palibe. More ndendende, pakadali pano palibe umboni wokwanira kulola ngakhale mwatchutchutchu chaka makamaka kudalembedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kutsogolo kwa atulukira latsopano limene angathe kumvetsa chifukwa masamba mdima wa mbiri yathu.