Nkhondo ya Smolensk 1941: phindu

M'chaka cha 1941 pa makoma a Smolensk, ziyembekezo Hitler mwamantha ndi wanzeru blitzkrieg ndi Soviet Union amayembekezeka ndithu. Apa, asilikali German cha gulu la asilikali "Center", bogged pansi pa miyezi 2 nkhondo ndi Red Army ndipo motero unalephera nthaŵi, komanso liwiro kayendedwe, komanso mphamvu angafunikire m'tsogolo.

Nkhondo ya Smolensk 1941 ndi lonse osiyanasiyana ntchito onse nagonjetsa kumbuyo mu chirengedwe. Iwo amawononga mbali ya asilikali a ku Central, Western, Bryansk ndi Reserve amadzibisa ndi asilikali Nazi, gululi "Center" wa makamu. Smolensk nkhondo kunachitika mu nyengo kuchokera 10 July 10 September. Kukangana pakati pa awiri chikumenyana maphwando anagwirizira m'gawo lalikulu kuphimba 650 Km za mzere kutsogolo ndi kulimbitsa ndi pafupifupi 250 Km. Iwo anayamba magazi nkhondo. Nkhondo ya Smolensk, ndiyenera kunena, kuti wachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri.

kukonza zoti Germany

Icho chinali chaka choyamba cha nkhondo. Mu July, utsogoleri Nazi choikidwacho pamaso General-Field polimbana Feodor Von Bock ndi mbali lamulo makamu "Center" Ntchito yaikulu kwambiri. Iye anazungulira ndi chiwonongeko winanso wa asilikali Soviet, kusunga chitetezo cha mitsinje Dnieper ndi Western Dvina. Komanso, asilikali German anali kugwila mzinda wa Smolensk, Vitebsk ndi Orsha. Izi adzalola kutsegula njira mwachindunji kuukira komaliza Moscow.

Malo a asilikali a Soviet

Pakutha June, lamulo Union anayamba mofulumira kuonjezera chiwerengero cha asilikali a Red Army pa magombe a pa Western Dvina ndi Dnepr. Iwo anapatsidwa ntchito: kutenga Polotsk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Kraslava, mtsinje Dnepr ndi kukonza malire awa. Nkhondo ya Smolensk anali umalimbana Mulimonsemo kuteteza yojambula la asilikali German m'madera chapakati mafakitale dziko, komanso Moscow. Pa akuya pafupifupi 250 kukafika kutsogolo 19 magulu zinatumizidwa. Smolensk komanso kukonzekera kuti adziteteze.

July 10 asilikali a Western Front, analamula polimbana Timoshenko, inkakhala 5 makamu (37 magulu awo). Ndipo yemwe sali kuwerenga Akuthawa m'dera la Western Belarus mbali anthuwo wa asilikali Soviet. Koma mwa ndiye magulu 24 okha anabwera ku malo a analamula.

Tsambali ndi chiwerengero cha asilikali German

Nkhondo ya Smolensk mu 1941 unalidi zedi. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi chiwerengero cha asilikali amene anatenga gawo mmenemo. Pamene anali kuyenda buildup wa asilikali Soviet, lamulo German komanso chimakakamiza pamodzi magulu waukulu magulu awiri thanki m'dera la Western Dvina ndi Dnepr. Pa nthawi yomweyo oyenda gulu la Army 16, kumene kunali mbali ya mbali ya gulu 'North', anatenga gawo ku Drissa kuti Idritsa.

Koma awiri makamu munda cha gulu limeneli "Center" imene ili oposa 30 magawano, iwo zomwe zikutsalirazi kumbuyo kugwirizana kwa patsogolo pafupifupi 130-150 Km. The chifukwa pochedwetsa anakhala kumenyana aukali pa malire a Belarus.

Pa nthawi ya mliri wa maudani Germany anatha kulenga ena ukulu sayansi ndiponso anthu motsogozedwa munda wa mantha chachikulu.

Nkhondo ya Smolensk 1941 ali conventionally kugawidwa mu magawo 4. Aliyense wa iwo ndi ofunika kwambiri pa maganizo a za mbiri.

Gawo loyamba

Zinatha 10 20 July. asilikali Soviet pa nthawi ino yokha kusonyeza kuchuluka nkhonya mdani kuti mvula pansi pa phiko lamanja ndi likulu la Western Front. Panzer Gulu German Gotha ndi 16 Field Army, Ndiochuluka, kodi anagawa TH 22 ndi kuswa motetezera 19 Army, yomwe ili m'dera Vitebsk. Chifukwa cha kupitiriza kumenyanako Nazi angathe kugwila Velizh, Polack, Nevel, Demidov ndi Dukhovshchina.

Atalephera, mayunitsi Soviet wa 22 Army analimbitsa ake Lovat Mtsinje. Choncho anali Wamkulu Luke. Pakali pano, 19 ine, zikubweretsa nkhondoyo, anakakamizika abwerere ku Smolensk. Kumeneko, iye pamodzi ndi Army 16 anatsogolera nkhondo kumbuyo kwa mzindawo.

Pakali pano, 2 Panzer Group, analamula Geynts Guderian, gawo la asilikali ake anakwanitsa yozungulira asilikali Soviet pafupi Mogilev. Koma chachikulu mphamvu zawo anaponyedwa kwa adani a Orsha, Smolensk, Krichev ndi Yelnya. M'madera ena a asilikali Soviet anali atazunguliridwa, ena anayesa kusunga Mogilev. Nthawiyi, 21th Army anachita amanyansidwa bwino ndipo anamasula Rogachev ndi Zhlobin. Ndiye, osaima, anayamba patsogolo pa Byhov ndi Bobruisk. Zochita izi, zikumangidwa pansi mphamvu yaikulu m'munda wa 2 wa gulu lankhondo la adani.

mwendo yachiwiri

Ichi ndi zapakati pa 21 July 7 August. The Soviet Army, amene anamenya pa Western Front, analandira reinforcements watsopano, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anapita tingalimbanirane m'dera la midzi anthu Yartsevo, White ndi Roslavl. Kum'mwera, gulu apakavalo, wopangidwa mwa magulu atatu, anayamba kuukira kwake pa phiko ndipo anayesa thamanga mphamvu yaikulu mayunitsi mdani, mgulu la "Center" wa makamu. Kenako, Germany limodzi ndi stragglers kugwirizana.

July 24 13 ndi 21th Army nawo mu chapakati Front. Commander yoikidwiratu msilikali-General Fi Kuznetsov. Chifukwa cha kumenyana magulu khama ndipo wamagazi Soviet anakwanitsa kulepheretsa munthu anakonza magulu adani thanki, ndi 16 TH ndi 20-TH ndewu asilikali kunabuka wa lazungulira lapansi. Patapita masiku 6, wakhala analenga inanso kutsogolo - Reserve. mtsogoleri wawo anali General Zhukov.

Mbali yachitatu

Umayambira 8 mpaka 21 August. Panthawi imeneyi nkhondoyo anasamuka kum'mwera kwa Smolensk ku Central, ndipo patapita Bryansk Front. Last analengedwa pa 16 August. Iwo anauzidwa kuti lamulo la mkulu-General A. Yeremenko. Pa August 8, asilikali Red Army bwinobwino amaipidwa kuukira onse a dziko la Germany ndi gulu lawo thanki. M'malo pakupita pa Moscow, dziko la Germany anakakamizika amenyane ndi mbali ya asilikali a Soviet, amene kuwaopseza kuchokera kum'mwera. Koma, ngakhale, dziko la Germany akhala amasamukira m'dziko pafupifupi 120-150 Km. Iwo anakwanitsa zisokoneze ubwenzi yogwirizana awiri a ku Central ndi Bryansk amadzibisa.

Panali kuopseza chilengedwe. Bids chisankho ya South-West ndi amadzibisa chapakati pa August 19, anali wotetezedwa kwa Dnieper. Asilikali a Western ndi Reserve, komanso 43th ndi 24 Army adayamba kumumasula m'mizinda zolimba mdani mu zigawo ndi Yartsevo Yelnya. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, dziko la Germany zowawa zomvetsa yaikulu.

Mbali chachinayi

Mbali yomaliza ya nkhondo kunachitika mu nyengo kuchokera 22 August 10 September. The chachiwiri German asilikali, pamodzi ndi gulu thanki anapitiriza kumenyana asilikali Soviet pa Bryansk Front. Panthawi imeneyi, akasinja mdani anali pansi nthawi zonse kunyanyala chachikulu mpweya. Pakachitika mpweya izi nawo ndege zoposa 450. Koma, ngakhale, nagonjetsa thanki gulu kusiya ndipo analephera. Iwo anakanthanso wamphamvu phiko lamanja la Western Front. Choncho, Germany anali wotanganidwa mzinda wa Toropets. 22 TH ndi 29 TH Army anayenera abwerere kwa Western Dvina.

September 1, asilikali a Soviet tinkauzidwa kuti tingalimbanirane, koma izo sizinali bwino. Izo zinali zokwanira yekha kuthetsa oopsa protrusion Germany pafupi Elnya. Ndipo pa 10 September nagonjetsa, anaganiza unayima ndi kumbuyo. Choncho itatha Nkhondo ya Smolensk 1941.

Poteteza Smolensk

Olemba mbiri ena amakonda kukhulupirira kuti asilikali a Soviet anachoka mu mzindawu pa 16 July. Koma umboni zikusonyeza kuti Red Army kumbuyo Smolensk. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi awiri anavutika ndi dziko la Germany amene adafuna kugumula ku likulu la mzinda n'kuulanda.

Kuzengereza asilikali mdani pa July 17, mkulu wa msilikali P. Malyshev sappers anali litaphulitsidwa milatho kudutsa Dnieper. M'masiku awiri anali kupitirirabe aukali ndewu, pamene m'madera ambiri a mzindawo maulendo angapo akhoza kudali munthu, ndiye linzake.

Pakali pano, ku Germany anapita mphamvu zawo za nkhondo, ndipo m'mawa wa July 19, iwo anakwanitsa akathyole chidutswa cha Smolensk, yomwe ili m'mphepete lamanja la mtsinje. Koma asilikali a Soviet anali sinditi pobwezera mzinda kwa mdani. Smolensk kumbuyo nkhondo inatenga 22 ndi 23 July. Mu Red Army ikuchitika bwino zedi counterattack, ndi amamasula msewu ndi msewu, chipika ndi chipika. Mu nkhondo a chipani cha Nazi mzinda ntchito lawi-kuponya akasinja. Njira imeneyi ya yaikulu lawi kuwomba zikutulutsa gulu yawo ikadzawadzera 60 mamita m'litali. Komanso, pa atsogoleri a asilikali Soviet mosalekeza zouluka ndege German.

Makamaka nkhondo aukali zinkachitikira mzinda manda, komanso aliyense wa nyumba ya mwala. Nthawi zambiri Inayamba mu melee, zomwe kawirikawiri inatha mu chigonjetso cha mbali ya Soviet Union. Mphamvu ya mkanganowo kwambiri moti Germany alibe nthawi kuchokera akufa awo ndiwobvulazidwa.

La magulu atatu Soviet kuti anatenga gawo mu chitetezo cha Smolensk, aliyense pali asilikali osapitirira 250-300, chakudya ndi zida zonse anali atatopa. Pakali pano, gulu la Consolidated molamulidwa ndi Rokossovsky atathamangitsidwa ndi Germany tawuni Yartsevo ndipo analanda ankawoloka Dnieper pafupi Solovyov ndi Ratchino. Ndi zimenezi analoledwa kuchoka ku TH chilengedwe 19 16 TH Soviet asilikali.

Gawo lotsiriza la Red Army anachoka Smolensk usiku wa pa 28 mpaka 29 July. Panali battalion chimodzi chokha. Iwo anatenga Senior Political A. Turov. Cholinga cha battalion imeneyi inali kuphimba achire a magulu waukulu wa asilikali Soviet ku Smolensk, komanso ndi onyenga cha kukhalapo mu mayunitsi lalikulu lankhondo. Atamaliza dongosolo, opulumuka anasamukira ku zigawenga kanthu.

zotsatira

Mu 1941, kuvutika yekha Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Nkhondo ya Smolensk anapatsa atsogoleri a Red Army zofunika zinachitikira nkhondo, popanda zomwe sikutheka kuti amenyane ndi mdani ngati m'bungwe ndi amphamvu. atasemphana, umene unatha miyezi iwiri, anali chifukwa chachikulu kulephera kwa dongosolo blitzkrieg Hitler loletsa Soviet Union.

Kutanthauza Smolenskii nkhondo n'kofunika kwambiri. Zikomo kuyesetsa zoposa ndi zochita zozizwitsa, komanso mtengo zomvetsa yaikulu, Red Army anakwanitsa kusiya mdani ndi kupita chitetezo cha ikuyandikira kwa Moscow. asilikali Soviet linasakazidwa wa German Panzer Group, amene ankafuna ntchito kugwila mzinda wachiwiri zofunika kwambiri Soviet Union - Leningrad.

Nkhondo ya Smolensk, zithunzi za zochitika zomwe apulumuka, anasonyeza kuti nambala yaikulu asilikali ndi alonda pa mtengo wa moyo wake molimba mtima komanso mosonyeza kumbuyo kwenikweni iliyonse inchi wa dziko lakwawo. Koma musaiwale za anthu wamba osati mzinda komanso malo amene ankathandiza kwambiri pa chilengedwe cha udindo kumbuyo. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 300 zikwi. Am'deralo. Komanso, iwo anatenga gawo mu nkhondoyo. M'dera Smolensk mu nthawi yochepa inakhalapo brigades oposa 25 battalions a owononga.