Zifukwa zomwe dziko la United States likuukira ku Iraq. Mbiri ya ntchito ya usilikali ku United States, kutayika ku Iraq

Nkhondo ku Iraq yakhala imodzi mwa mikangano yaikulu kwambiri ya nkhondo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2100. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, zofunikiratu ndi nkhondo zolimbana ndi nkhondoyi siziri zinsinsi. Tiyeni tiyese kumasula tangle ya zochitikazo. Choncho, tiyeni tipeze chimene chinali chifukwa cha kuukira kwa Iraq ku Iraq ndi momwe ntchito ya usilikali ikuchitira.

Prehistory

Choyamba, tiyeni tipite pang'ono kumbuyo kwa nkhondoyi.

Saddam Hussein anakhala pulezidenti wa Iraq m'chaka cha 1979, ngakhale kuti adakayikira kuti adzalanda dzikoli kale lisanakhalepo. Mphamvu zake zinali zolaula zofanana. Palibe vuto lililonse m'dzikoli lomwe lingathetsedwe popanda mgwirizano ndi purezidenti. Polimbana ndi otsutsa komanso kukwera kwa Kurds nthawi ndi nthawi, Hussain ankazunza ndi kuzunzidwa, zomwe adavomereza poyera. Kuwonjezera apo, umunthu wopembedza Hussein unayamba kukula mu Iraq.

Kale mu 1980, gulu lankhondo la Iraq linayambitsa chiwonongeko cha chigawo cha Khuzestan cha Irani, motero anatsutsa nkhondo ya Iran-Iraq. Ndizodabwitsa kuti mu nkhondo iyi onse a US ndi USSR anathandiza Hussein. Koma kumapeto, nkhondo inatha mu 1988 popanda kanthu, chifukwa, malinga ndi mawu a mgwirizano wamtendere, mayiko awiriwa adakhalabe ndi udindo.

Saddam Hussein adayamba ulendo wake mu 1990 pamene adagonjetsa Kuwait ndipo adalanda ku Iraq monga chigawo. Panthawiyi, ma US ndi USSR adatsutsa zomwe a Purezidenti wa Iraq anachita. Komanso, United States, mothandizidwa ndi bungwe la UN, linakhazikitsa mgwirizano wadziko lonse womenyana ndi Hussein. Motero anayamba nkhondo yoyamba ku Iraq, kapena, monga momwe imatchulidwira mwanjira ina, nkhondo ku Persian Gulf. Mgwirizano kuyambira m'masiku oyambirira a chigwirizano unali ndi phindu lalikulu, chifukwa chakuti amagwiritsira ntchito zamakono zamakono.

Unali ntchito yabwino yothandizira yotsogoleredwa ndi United States. Kutayika ku Iraq kwa magulu a mgwirizanowu kunali anthu osachepera 500, pamene chiwerengero cha anthu akufa ku Iraq chinafikira zikwi zambirimbiri. Chifukwa chake, Hussein adagonjetsedwa, anakakamizidwa kumasula Kuwait, kuchepetsa kwambiri asilikali. Kuphatikizanso, zilango zina zingapo zidaperekedwa m'dziko, zomwe ziyenera kufooketsa asilikali a Iraq.

Pafupifupi zaka 90 zazaka za m'ma 2000 zotsutsana kwambiri pakati pa Iraq ndi USA zinawonjezeka. Anthu a ku America nthawi zonse ankamunamizira Hussein wotsutsa anthu otsutsa, komanso kupezeka kwa zida zoletsedwa. Pomwepo Hussein adathamangitsira omvera a UN mu 1998, omwe anayenera kuonetsetsa kuti Iraq alibe zida zowonongeka. Dziko linali pafupi ndi nkhondo yatsopano.

Zofunikira ndi zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo

Tsopano tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane chomwe chinali chifukwa cha nkhondo ya US ku Iraq.

Chifukwa chachikulu chimene Amerika anaukira ku Iraq chinali chikhumbo cha dziko kuti ateteze ulamuliro wawo m'deralo. Komabe, zikutheka kuti chigamulocho chinkawopa kuti Hussein analidi kupanga zida zowonongeka, zomwe zikhoza ngakhale kulunjika ku United States, ngakhale kuti analibe umboni weniweni wa izi. Komabe, akatswiri ena a mndandanda wa zifukwa zomveka zoyambitsa ntchito za US ku Iraq adanenanso kuti amadana ndi Purezidenti wa US George W. Bush kwa Saddam Hussein.

Chifukwa chomveka choukirapo chinali chiwonetsero cha Secretary-State cha United States Colin Powell mu February 2003 cha umboni ku bungwe la UN Security Council kuti dziko la Iraq linapanga zida zowonongeka. Pambuyo pake, umboni wochuluka womwe unaperekedwa unali wosakhulupirika.

Chiwonetsero cha ogwirizana

A US sanapindule kupeza chilolezo ku Security Council kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu ku Iraq. Komabe, chigamulo cha ku America chinanyalanyaza ichi ndipo chinayamba kukonzekera kuwukira.

Anapempha thandizo kwa ogwirizana awo a NATO. Koma dziko la France ndi Germany linakana kulimbana ndi dziko la Iraq popanda zilango za UN. Koma Britain, Poland ndi Australia zinasonyeza kuti ndi okonzeka kuthandiza dziko la US ndi asilikali.

Pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa ulamuliro wa Hussein, mayiko ena adalumikizana ndi mgwirizano: Italy, Netherlands, Ukraine, Spain, Georgia. Padera, Turkey inachita nawo nkhondoyi mu 2007-2008.

Chiwerengero cha asilikali a mgwirizano wa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse anali pafupifupi anthu 309,000, 250,000 awo anali servicemen a US.

Chiyambi cha kuukiridwa

Ntchito ya usilikali ku US ku Iraq inayamba pa March 20, 2003. Mosiyana ndi "Mphepo Yamkuntho", panthawiyi bungwe lina linagwira ntchito yaikulu. Ngakhale kukana kwa Turkey kugawira gawo lake chifukwa chokhumudwitsa sikulepheretsa izi. United States inagonjetsa Iraq kuchokera ku Kuwait. Mabungwe amgwirizano kale mu April, popanda nkhondo, anagwira Baghdad. Pachifukwa ichi, ku Iraq ndege yopanga ndege sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti iwononge mdani. Ntchito yogwira ntchitoyi inatsirizika pambuyo pa kugwidwa kwa mzinda wa Tikrit pakati pa mwezi womwewo.

Momwemo, malo akuluakulu ku Iraq pomaliza ntchito yovutitsayi analamulidwa ndi mgwirizano wotsogoleredwa ndi United States. Kutayika ku Iraq kwa mabungwe a Allied panthaŵiyi kunali asilikali 172 ophedwa ndipo 1,621 anavulazidwa. Asilikali a ku Iraqi anatayika pafupifupi anthu 10,000 omwe anaphedwa panthawi yovutitsa. Achinyamata ochepa kwambiri anali pakati pa anthu osauka.

Panthawi yoyamba ya nkhondo, asilikali a US ku Iraq adagonjetsa. Komabe, kunali kofunikira osati kungotenga gawolo, koma kuti ndilowetsere mpaka boma lovomerezeka ku America linakhazikitsidwe ku Iraq, zomwe zidzatha kusunga mchitidwe wa dzikoli.

Njira yowonjezereka ya nkhondo

Pambuyo kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali a boma m'dzikoli anayamba kupanga bungwe lachigawenga. Sizinagwirizanitse asilikali okha, okhulupirika kwa Hussein, komanso oimira magulu osiyanasiyana a Islamist, kuphatikizapo omwe ali pafupi ndi Al-Qaeda. Makoma a amphawiwa anali pafupi kwambiri ndi otchedwa "Sunni triangle", yomwe inali kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa likulu la Iraq.

Maofesi a ma partisans anawononga zida zogwirira ntchito, anaukira zigawenga, adakantha mabala osiyana a mgwirizano wotsogoleredwa ndi United States. Kutayika kwa mgwirizanowo ku Iraq kunakula panthawiyi. Ambiri mwa akufa ndi ovulala anali asilikari omwe adawombedwa ndi zipangizo zoopsa.

Panthawiyi, kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2003, Saddam Hussein adagwidwa mumudzi wina ku Iraq. Khoti linagwiridwa pa iye, pa chigamulo chimene woweruza wakale anaphedwa mu 2006.

Nkhondo Yachiweniweni

Pakali pano, chisankho cha 2005 chinachitikira ku Iraq. Atatha kugwira ntchito, Ahimiti anayamba kulamulira. Izi zinapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri a Sunni awonjezere chiwonetserochi, chomwe chinangokhala chodabwitsa chomwe chingatchedwe nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Kuphatikizanso apo, mafuta anawonjezeredwa pamoto ndi milandu yosiyanasiyana yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ena a usilikali wa US kapena ngakhale magulu onse a asilikali a US. Kutayika ku Iraq, pakati pa asilikali ndi pakati pa anthu osauka, kwakhala kukulirakulira nthawi zonse, ndipo nkhondo yapachiweniweni yakula ndi mphamvu yatsopano.

Izi zinapangitsa kusakhutira osati ku Iraq, koma komanso pakati pa anthu a ku America. Nzika zambiri za ku America zinayamba kuyerekezera ntchito yopitiliza Iraq ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam. Kuwonongeka kochulukira kwa nkhondo ya US ku Iraq kunachititsa kuti a Republican alepheretse chisankho cha Congression, atataya ambiri mu nyumba zonse ziwiri.

Kulimbikitsa mabungwe achi Islam

Pakadali pano, ngati kukana ku Iraq kuntchito kumagwirizana ndi gulu lachipembedzo, pofika chaka cha 2008, mabungwe osiyanasiyana achi Islam, omwe nthawi zambiri anali achigawenga, adakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu lachigawenga.

Pambuyo pobwera ku Iraq ku Iraq, ntchito za gulu lauchigawenga "Monotheism ndi Jihadi" motsogoleredwa ndi al-Zarqawi adasamutsidwa kudziko la dziko lino. Pambuyo pa nthawi inayake, kuzungulira selo ili, mabungwe ambiri a Islamist ku Iraq akugwirizana. Mu 2004, mtsogoleri wa Monotheism ndi Jihad analumbira kwa Usama Bin Laden, ndipo bungweli linatchedwanso "Al-Qaida ku Iraq."

Mu 2006, al-Zarqawi anaphedwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa ndege ku America. Koma asanamwalire, adagwirizanitsa kwambiri magulu a Islamist a Iraq. Pachiyambi cha Az-Zarqawi, bungwe lotsogolera la Mujahideen ku Iraq linapangidwa, kupatulapo "Monotheism ndi Jihad", yomwe idaphatikizapo mabungwe angapo. Al-Zarqawi atamwalira kale, chaka chomwecho chaka cha 2006, adakonzedwanso ku Islamic State of Iraq (IGI). Ndipo izi zinachitika popanda kugwirizana ndi utsogoleri wapakati wa Al-Qaeda. Ndi bungwe lino lomwe lidzabwezeretsedwe ku gawo lina la Syria, lidzabadwanso ku IGIL, ndiyeno ku Islamic State.

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, panthaŵi ya ku America komwe kuli ku Iraq, Asilamu adapeza mphamvu yaikulu mu 2008. Iwo ankalamulira mzinda wachiwiri waukulu wa Iraq - Mosul, ndipo likulu lawo linali Baquba.

Kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito ku US ku Iraq

Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa USA ku Iraq kwa zaka 10, pamene nkhondo idapitilira, komanso kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zilili m'dzikoli zinatipangitsa kulingalira za kuthekera kwa kuchotsa mayiko ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Mu 2010, Purezidenti watsopano wa ku America, Barack Obama, adasindikiza lamulo la kuchoka kwa asilikali akulu a US ku Iraq. Kotero, chaka chimenecho anthu zikwi mazana awiri anachotsedwa. Asilikali 50,000 otsalawo adayenera kuthandiza asilikali a boma latsopano la Iraq kuti ayang'ane zomwe zikuchitika m'dzikoli. Koma adakhalanso ochepa ku Iraq. Mu December 2011, asilikali otsala 50,000 adachotsedwa kudzikoli. Ku Iraq, kunali aphunzitsi 200 okha omwe ankaimira United States.

Motero, pa December 15, 2011, nkhondo ya ku Iraq kwa Amwenye inatha.

Kutayika kwa Asilikali a US

Tsopano tiyeni tione momwe asilikali a ku America adawonongera mphamvu zawo ndi zida zankhondo panthawiyi ku Iraq, yomwe inatha pafupifupi zaka khumi.

Mphamvu za mgwirizano wapadziko lonse zinatayika anthu 4,804 omwe anaphedwa, omwe 4,423 omenyana nawo ankaimira asilikali a US. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, anthu okwana 31,922 a ku America anavulala mosiyana. Ziwerengerozi zimaganizira zonse zolimbana komanso zopanda nkhondo.

Kuyerekezera: Pa nthawi ya nkhondo asilikali a Saddam Hussein omwe adafera makumi khumi adafa. Kuwerengera kwa imfa ya aphungu osiyanasiyana, magulu achigawenga ndi mabungwe ena omwe amatsutsana ndi mgwirizano sangathe kudziwika nkomwe.

Tsopano ife tikuwerengera kutayika kwa sayansi ya US ku Iraq. Panthawi ya nkhondo, anthu a ku America anataya matanki 80 a mtundu wa Abrams. Kutayika kwa ndege za ku America ku Iraq kunali kofunika kwambiri. Ndege za America makumi awiri zinaponyedwa pansi. Magalimoto F-16 ndi F / A-18 anavutika kwambiri. Kuphatikizanso, 86 ndege za ku America zinaponyedwa pansi.

Izi zinachitika pambuyo pochoka kwa asilikali a US

Pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa asilikali a US ku Iraq, vutoli linawonongeka kwambiri. Ambiri opondereza ndi mabungwe achigawenga awuka. Chokhudzidwa kwambiri mwa izi chinali IGIL kagulu, komwe kanasintha dzina lake kukhala "dziko lachi Islam", kudzinenera kuti ukulu m'dziko lonse lachi Muslim. Izi zakhala zikulamulidwa ndi zikuluzikulu ku Iraq, ndipo pambuyo poyamba nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Syria, idapangitsa kuti dzikoli likhale ndi mphamvu.

Ntchito ya IGIL inayambitsa nkhawa za mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Mgwirizano watsopano womwe unatsogoleredwa ndi United States unalengedwa motsutsana ndi bungwe lino. Russia inagwirizana nawo polimbana ndi zigawenga, zomwe zangochitika, zimadzilamulira okha. Chinthu chapadera cha opaleshoniyi ndi chakuti Allies amachita mphepo zokha ku Syria ndi Iraq, koma musayambe kuchita nawo kanthu. Chifukwa cha zochita za ogwirizanitsa, gawo lolamulidwa ndi asilikali a boma la Islamic lacheperachepera, komabe gulu lino likupitirizabe kuvulaza dziko lapansi.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali mabungwe ambiri otsutsa, otsutsana pakati pa zomwe zimalepheretsa mtendere ku Iraq: Sunni, Shiite, Kurd, ndi zina zotero. Asilikali a ku America sanathe kukhazikitsa mtendere muderalo. Anasiya popanda kukwaniritsa imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu.

Tanthauzo ndi zotsatira za kuukira kwa Iraq ku Iraq

Ponena za kuukiridwa kwa mphamvu zamagulu ku Iraq, pali malingaliro ambiri otsutsana. Koma akatswiri ambiri amavomereza kuti chiyambireni nkhondo ku Iraq, derali lakhala losakhazikika kwambiri, ndipo palibe chofunika chokhazikitsa mtendere. Komanso, ndale ambiri otchuka omwe adagwira nawo chisankho chakuukira dziko la Iraq adanena kale kuti nkhondo ndi Hussein inali kulakwitsa. Makamaka, mtsogoleri wa bungwe lofufuza zachindunji, yemwe kale anali nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Great Britain John Chilcot ananena za izo.

N'zoona kuti Saddam Hussein anali wolamulira wankhanza yemwe adatsutsa otsutsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito chizunzo. Ankachitanso nkhondo mobwerezabwereza ku mayiko ena. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri apeza kuti zida za Hussein kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2100 sanamuthandizenso kuchita ntchito zazikulu zankhondo, monga umboni wa kugonjetsedwa kofulumira kwa gulu la nkhondo la Iraq nthawi zonse.

Ndipo akatswiri ambiri amadziwa kuti ulamuliro wa Hussein ndi woipa kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi chisokonezo chomwe chinayamba kuchitika m'derali pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwake, komanso ndi ngozi yomwe ikuwonjezeka kudziko lachi Islam.