Kusowa manja - ndi chiyani? Sayansi ya zokongola. Malamulo ndi aesthetics

Zochitika za masiku ano sizikhoza kukhalapo popanda maganizo monga machitidwe ndi aesthetics. Komabe, pofuna kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa mawuwa, ndizofunikira kumvetsetsa maonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Makamaka, ndi tanthauzo la mawu akuti "aesthetics". Kodi lingaliro ili ndi liti, nanga sayansi iwiri imasiyana bwanji?

Kodi makhalidwe abwino ndi otani?

Makhalidwe abwino ndi dongosolo la chidziwitso lomwe limalola anthu kusiyanitsa chabwino ndi choipa, okongola kuchokera ku uve. Izi ndizo sayansi ya kukongola. Chidziwitso ichi n'chosiyana, chifukwa zimathandiza kupanga zisankho zabwino. Ndondomekoyi ikhoza kuchepetsedwa kukhala ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe, zomwe ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa m'moyo wonse. Makhalidwe abwino amaimira mfundo monga kukhala woona mtima, wowolowa manja, wowolowa manja, kubwezera, kutsimikizirika ndi ena ambiri.

Ubale ndi ziphunzitso zafilosofi

Malamulo ndi aesthetics ali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi filosofi. Kuphunzira za makhalidwe abwino kunayambira katswiri wotchuka wafilosofi wachigiriki Aristotle. Mawuwo amawonekera ku mawu Achigriki ethos - "ethos", kutanthauza "miyambo", "makhalidwe". Cicero, yemwe ndi wodziwika bwino komanso wodziwika bwino, yemwe amadziwika bwino kwambiri pa nthawi yakale ya Roma, adamasulira mawu m'Chilatini, omwe amatsimikizira kuti mawu otchulidwa m'Chilatini ndi ofanana kwambiri, komanso amachokera ku mawu akuti "makhalidwe", "moral".

Mfundo zitatu zofunika

Mu Chirasha, palinso mawu ngati makhalidwe, makhalidwe abwino. Pakalipano akuwona kuti mawu akuti "makhalidwe", "makhalidwe abwino" ndi "makhalidwe" ali ofanana. Ngakhale izi, anthu omwe amaimira filosofi ya ku Russia amasiyanitsa mau atatu omwe matanthauzo ake ali ofanana.

Kodi kusiyana kwake ndi kotani?

Kotero, kusiyana kotani? Mwachikhalidwe ndizozoloŵera kutanthauza sayansi yomwe imakulolani inu kupeza chidziwitso kuti muzindiyanitse choipa ndi zabwino zabwino, zokongola ndi zokongola kuchotsa kukhumudwitsa, ndi pansi pa makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe - chidziwitso ndi khalidwe lomwe likuphunziridwa. Makhalidwe abwino, omwe ndi sayansi ya makhalidwe abwino, pamlingo winawake ndi chikhalidwe cha makhalidwe abwino. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani? Malamulo amaphatikizapo mfundo zapadziko lonse zomwe sizikusinthika, ndi makhalidwe abwino - malamulo omwe amatsatira (omwe amatsatira), omwe amatsatira mfundo zake zonse, koma ndizotheka kusintha.

Malamulo ayenera kukhalapo mwa munthu kuyambira ali mwana

Zaka za zana la 21 zinapatsa anthu lingaliro ngati lingaliro lokhazikika, lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi makhalidwe a banja ndi kugonana. Pambuyo pake, gulu lonse lathunthu limakhazikitsidwa mwachindunji ndi ubale wabwino, wabwino pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Banja lolemera limapereka malingaliro ndi miyoyo ya ana osasinthasintha zomwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri pamakhalidwe, thupi ndi maganizo a anthu onse. Aliyense ayenera kulandira chidziwitso cha makhalidwe abwino ndi kuwaphunzitsa kuyambira ali mwana. Pokhapokha pokhapokha nkokwanitsa kusunga chilolezo ndi kulongosola anthu. Kuonjezera apo, mwana aliyense ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti zikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe ziyenera kukumbukiridwa pazochitika zilizonse.

Chilungamo cha moyo

Makhalidwe abwino a umunthu ndiwongopeka, osasinthidwa. Makhalidwe a anthu, mmalo mwake, amapangidwa kuti apindule ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi ochezeka komanso olamulidwa bwino. Ndicho chifukwa chake khalidwe labwino silingathe kumvera modzichepetsa machitidwe abwino kwambiri a anthu, ndilo lopanda malire. Nthawi zonse amatsutsana naye, poganizira zapansi. Ndipo chifukwa chake, pakati pawo mosasinthasintha pali kutsutsana chifukwa cha njira zosiyanasiyana za lingaliro la umunthu. Makhalidwe a anthu sangathe kulemekeza anthu, komanso makhalidwe abwino a munthu - m'malo mwake. Anthu amaonedwa kuti akudzipereka kuti apindule cholinga chimodzi. Munthu amene akufuna kukhala moyenera ayenera kuyesa khalidwe lake ndi zochita za anthu ena onse kuchokera kumalingaliro abwino. Maonekedwe a zabwino ndi zoipa, okongola ndi oipa, abwino ndi osayenera ayenera kuthandizira kufufuza zinthu zamkati komanso zamkati. Njirayi idzatiloleza kuti timvetsetse khalidwe labwino ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chiyenera kutsatiridwa mmoyo wathu wonse. Wofilosofi wa ku England George Edward Moore ali ndi chidaliro chakuti machitidwe amakulolani inu kupanga zosankha, kupanga zosankha. Malingana ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe abwino, mukhoza kukhala mogwirizana ndi inu nokha.

Kodi aesthetics ndi chiyani?

Kusowa manja - ndi chiyani? Zimayimira sayansi yakuzindikiritsa dziko lapansi, kumvetsetsa ndi kulengedwa kwa okongola, okhoza kudziwonetsera yekha mu zithunzi zojambulajambula zosiyanasiyana. Makhalidwe akuti "zokondweretsa" ndi "okongola" ali oyandikana kwambiri. Izi ndizakuti zokongola ndizobwino, malinga ndi zomwe zingatheke kulingalira zochitika zina zamaganizo. Choncho, zokongolazo zimakhala zofunikira.

Zosangalatsa ndi zolakwika

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti m'lingaliro lamakono ndizozoloŵera kupanga mitundu yonse yabwino ndi zizindikiro zake, mwachitsanzo:

• Wokongola - wonyansa;
• Wodabwitsa - woopsya;
• Chibvomerezo ndicho maziko.

Mbali iyi ya kafukufuku wa sayansi yatsimikizirika kuti kugawa kwa mtengo wabwino wa khalidwe nthawi zonse kumakhala kukhala kosiyana.

Mbiri ya lingaliro

Mawu akuti "chinthu chodabwitsa" anaonekera pakati pa zaka za zana la 18. Lingalirolo linayambitsidwa mu ntchito ya sayansi chifukwa cha filosofi Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten wochokera ku Germany. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti mawuwo amachokera ku mawu achigriki aisthetikos, omwe angamasuliridwenso ngati "kumverera." Baumgarten adatha kupeza malo apadera mu sayansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azidzilamulira okha, pafupi ndi filosofi, aesthetics. Zinali zosatheka kukana kuti izi zinali zenizeni.

Kukula kwa aesthetics

Kodi izi zinachitika bwanji? Nkhani ya aesthetics inalimbikitsidwa kuyambira pachiyambi. M'nthaŵi yakale, akatswiri afilosofi ankawona zokhudzana ndi mtundu wa kukongola ndi luso. M'zaka zamkati, anthu adayesa kuphunzira Mulungu. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kulingalira kwamaganizo kunayamba kukula mwakhama, koma panali mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi chilengedwe. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yamakono, sayansi inakhala maziko a zikhalidwe zamaluso, kuphatikizapo aesthetics of literature. M'nthaŵi ya Chidziwitso, aesthetics inathandiza kuti ayambe kuyesa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zojambulajambula mogwirizana ndi zomwe amakhulupirira. Panali nthawi imeneyo pamene olemba anayesa kuimira ntchito zomwe zinali ndi chidziwitso chapadera ndi chikhalidwe, zinalola anthu kuti adzikonze okha.

Malingaliro a afilosofi onena zamatsenga

Immanuel Kant, yemwe ndi mmodzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino afilosofi, ankakhulupirira kuti filosofi ya aesthetics imalola munthu kuti aphunzire zokongola mu luso, lomwe ndilo nkhani yake. Komabe, kuphunzira zinthu zokongola sikunayambe. Malingana ndi maganizo a Immanuel Kant, aesthetics (kodi sayansiyi, yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambayi) imapereka chiweruzo chosiyana pa zokongola, ndipo pambaliyi ndiyo maziko a ntchito zojambula zosiyana kuti athe kugwirizana ndi magulu awa ndikudziŵa mlingo wa chidziwitso, chikhalidwe. Wofosera nzeru Georg Hegel adanena kuti aesthetics ndi gawo la filosofi, koma adapangidwa kuti aphunzire mbali zosiyanasiyana zojambulajambula, chifukwa cha sayansi yomwe imapangitsa kuti zitheke kudziwa momwe malo aliwonse omwe akugwiritsidwira ntchito m'mibadwo yakale, yamtsogolo komanso yotsatira.

Makhalidwe abwino ndi aesthetics pakudzipangira nokha ndi kudziwa za dziko lozungulira

Pambuyo pake, nkhaniyo inali yopapatiza kuti zikhale zovomerezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azindikire njira zogwiritsira ntchito luso labwino, kuti awononge zojambulajambula za ntchitoyo. Zonsezi ndi aesthetics. Zomwe izi mtsogolomu zidzakhala chimodzi mwa maphunziro, palibe amene angaganize.

The Marxists anazitcha ngati sayansi yapadera ya chirengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kufufuza njira za chitukuko chake. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kugwiritsira ntchito minofu m'zojambula kunkawoneka ngati chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi.

Wofilosofi wina wa ku Russia Aleksei Fedorovich Losev ankaona kuti sayansi ndi mtundu wapadera wa mitundu yofotokozera, yomwe imapangidwa ndi munthu ndi chilengedwe. Anakayikira kuti munthu sayenera kuphunzira zokongola zokha, koma ndizinthu zina zokometsetsa, zomwe zimayenera kuwonetsa zoipa, zokondweretsa, zowoneka bwino, zowoneka, zoopsa, ndiko kuti, sikuti ndi aesthetics ndi luso lokha, koma amatsutsana. Lingaliro limeneli Losev limatsimikiziridwa ndi kuti aesthetics ndi sayansi yomwe imakulolani inu kuti muphunzire mbali za malingaliro a mitundu yosiyana yofotokozera ya dziko lozungulira ndikupeza mwayi wa kuwonekera kwa luso la kulenga. Malingana ndi tanthawuzo limeneli, lingaliro la maonekedwe ojambula, tikhoza kulingalira ngati lofanana ndi ntchito ya luso.

Zamakono zamakono

Pakalipano, nkhani ya aesthetics akadali yosasintha komanso yosintha, yomwe asayansi ambiri adzapitiriza kufunafuna yankho. Komabe, lingaliro ili ndi lodziwika kwambiri, monga likugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi pafupifupi magawo onse a moyo. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva "aesthetics ya thupi" kapena "aesthetics", etc.

Sayansi iyenera kuganiziridwa kuganizira gawo lofunika kwambiri monga "zokondweretsa". Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ndi lingaliro lonse lachilengedwe pokhudzana ndi zinthu zambiri.

Mbali za makhalidwe abwino ndi zokongoletsera za dziko

Kufufuza mwakhama kwa dziko kumakuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi makhalidwe abwino a munthu aliyense, kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zinthu zilili ndikuyesa kukhazikitsa dziko lokongola. Munthu aliyense amayamba kumvetsetsa zolinga, kukonza kukoma kwawo, kuzindikira makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe abwino a anthu osiyanasiyana, kuyesa zomwe anzawo akuchita. Chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe chimapangitsa kumvetsetsa miyambo ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zomwe anthu amatsatira, komanso kumvetsetsa zochitika za dziko lonse lapansi.

Kuphunzira dziko

Kusowa kosangalatsa kwa dziko lapansi n'kotheka kokha ngati pali chidwi pa phunziro la chidziwitso kapena chikhalidwe cha lingaliro lonse. Art imalola kupanga, ndipo kenako ikuyendetsa kayendedwe kogwiritsira ntchito chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso mbiri. Malingaliro a ntchito yojambula amathandiza kuti anthu azikhala odzikweza komanso kusintha malingaliro okhudza dziko lapansi chifukwa cha zofuna zawo komanso chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha chidziwitso. Kumvetsetsa chuma chapamwamba cha dziko lapansi kumakuthandizani kuti muphunzire zonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito, yomwe ndi fanizo la ntchitoyo.

Kudziwa ndi makhalidwe abwino pa dziko lapansi ndi njira yabwino yodzipangira yekha. Ponena za mapiko a olemba mabuku otchuka a ku Britain, Oscar Wilde, mawu akuti mapiko akuti: "Aesthetics ndi apamwamba kuposa malamulo!" Zimatuluka, Mlengi amati ndi kukongola komwe kuli kwakukulu, ndikofunika kwambiri kuposa zabwino. Kodi ali kulondola? Kapena sichoncho? Pokhapokha payekha ndikuyankha moona mtima mafunso omwe ali nawo, munthu aliyense adzatha kulingalira mozama momwe angagwiritsire ntchito: malinga ndi zotsatira za zabwino kapena malamulo a kukongola. Kusankha ndi kwanu: makhalidwe abwino kapena aesthetics. Kodi ndi chiyani kwa inu nokha?