Potashi - ndi ... chilinganizo ndi ntchito potashi

Potashi - ndi dzina mwamwayi zinthu zimene akatswiri kuitana potaziyamu carbonate. mchere izi kudziwika kwa anthu kuyambira nthawi yakale, monga ali phulusa. Poyamba, mawu amenewa amatchedwa kuti otsala youma pambuyo evaporation wa njira kuyaka mbewu. Choncho, kodi panopo amadziwika za potaziyamu?

chilinganizo

dzina lina la mankhwala - potashi. Ndipo chilinganizo ake mankhwala kwalembedwa monga - K ₂ NKHA _3. Akuimira pafupifupi mchere potaziyamu ndi asidi carbonic. Izi zikutanthauza kuti potashi njira si acidic kapena zikuluzikulu, ndi ndale. Kwa nthawi yaitali udasokonezeka ndi soda - NaHCO _3.

Mbiri ya anapeza ndi kuphunzira

Ndithudi, ife sitikudziwa motsimikiza amene anali potashi woyamba, pamene iye anali wodziwika Greece ndi Rome. Ndiyeno pambuyo pa phulusa ndi ntchito osamba. Ndi chidwi kuti kwa nthawi yaitali anali kusokonezedwa ndi chinthu china - potaziyamu bicarbonate. Bwino soda, potashi - pamodzi anaitanidwa salt monga zamchere kapena zamchere. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa iwo anayamba mu zaka XVIII-XIX. Kwa nthawi yoyamba zinadziwika mu 1759, pamene Andreas Marggraf anapeza kuti koloko ndi mchere zamchere, pamene potaziyamu - zomera. Ndipo mu 1807 Gemfri Devi anakhazikitsa zikuchokera mankhwala wina wa zinthu zimenezi.

Kutchula koyamba za ulimi wa potashi amanena za m'ma XIV. The makampani waukulu zili Germany ndi mayiko a ku Scandinavia. Potaziyamu carbonate ankagwiritsa ntchito m'mafakitale sopo, makampani nsalu, ankaudaya zomera. Mu XV atumwi ku mpikisano kuphatikizapo Russia. Pamaso kuti kuonetsetsa potashi kuchokera phulusa sankadziwa mmene koma chabe zimagulitsidwa pa zinthu za kuyaka pamodzi ndi Mwachitsanzo, bellows. Galasi makampani onse mu Russia ndi kunja n'chofunikanso pa nkhani imeneyi. Kuuza anakula, ndipo ndinakulira, ndi kupereka kwa iye.

Mwa njira, dzina "potashi" - izo zangokhala njira inanso kupanga ake mu masiku amakedzana. mfundo ndi yakuti mu Latin izo zikumveka ngati potassa, womwe ndi maphatikizidwe wa mawu "phulusa" ndi "mphika".

Mankhwala ndi thupi katundu

M'kupita kwa zatsopano ndi mankhwala, asayansi tinalandira uthenga awa kapena makhalidwe ena chibadidwe izo. Lero tisadziwa, m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, wangwiro potashi - ndi olimba mu mawonekedwe a mibulu colorless kapena ufa woyera. kachulukidwe ake - 2,43 g / masentimita ^3. potaziyamu carbonate kusungunuka Kutentha - 891 madigiri Celsius. Iwo ali mkulu hygroscopicity.

mankhwala si ngozi za kuphulika kapena moto. Anakumana ndi khungu lonyowa kapena mucous nembanemba irritant. Choncho wa m'kalasi yachitatu ya ngozi.

Mitundu ndi mitundu

Pali mitundu iwiri ya potashi: calcined ndi polutoravodny. Koma chachiwiri, mawonekedwe woyamba liribe madzi - pa calcining izo ukuphwera ndipo amachotsa zinthu organic, chifukwa mu njira ya carbonate potaziyamu wa mtundu uwu umakhala colorless kwathunthu.

Komanso, kusiyana ndi amene adapangidwa pakati pa potaziyamu ndi mitundu zimatulutsa atatu okha. Ubwino wa chomaliza mankhwala zimadalira zili zosafunika monga chitsulo, zotayidwa, chlorides, soda ndi sulfates. Komanso n'komwe pamene kupatsa kalasi misa nusu ya pa sludge woterowu mu njira ndi imfa pa poyatsira.

m'zigawo

Ngakhale kuti ntchito ya potashi si chonchi lonse chachikulu, monga momwe zilili ndi soda, izo akadali mwakhama ntchito ndi anthu. Koma pamwamba pa zonsezi ziyenera kuti. Zedi yaing'ono izo zikhoza kuchitidwa ngakhale panyumba.

Choyamba muyenera kupeza manja awo pa mapulusa a chiyambi mbewu. Ndiye m'pofunika kuyimisa nchito nyumbayi mu kuchuluka kwa madzi otentha, bwinobwino akuyambitsa ndi kuyembekezera nthawi yina. Kenako, kuyamba asanduke nthunzi potashi njira ndi chisakanizo cha zinthu organic kuti chifukwa mpweya wa mibulu. Mwachibadwa, potaziyamu carbonate, anasankha Mofananamo, kudzakhala wa high quality, ndi khama anakhala waukulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka. Choncho, ndithudi, pamlingo mafakitale chirichonse chiri chosiyana.

Motero, amadzimadzi potaziyamu carbonate njira ndi anachitira ndi NKHA _2, imbaenda kuna mapangidwe KHCO _3. Izo, nawonso, ndi mkangano, ndipo pali madzi ndi mpweya excretion mu zotsalira - kuyambira potashi.

Pali njira zingapo kupeza zinthu zimenezi, koma losavuta ndi yabwino kwambiri ndi anthu amene anafotokozedwa kale.

processing

Monga tanenera kale, pali mitundu iwiri ya potashi - calcined ndi polutoravodny. Nanga potaziyamu carbonate processing kumachitika chifukwa chimodzi kapena mtundu wina?

Choyamba, iwo ngakhale zosiyanasiyana njira. Polutoravodny zikuwoneka ngati: K ₂ NKHA ₃ + 1,5H ₂ O, i.e. muli madzi poyamba. Komabe, ngakhale hygroscopic kuposa wabwinobwino. Kuyambira fomu iyi angathe kukonzekera ndi mawonekedwe anhydrous - ufa ndi mokwanira mkangano digiri 130-160 Celsius.

Calcined mawonekedwe zopezera processing carbonate potassium akamagwira evaporation wa phulusa yothetsera mu oponderamo matabwa. mankhwala sakutero woyera kwambiri, choncho ayenera kapena calcined kapena calcined. Otsatizana za kayendetsedwe awa, potaziyamu carbonate ufa woyera analandira, ndipo njira yake inali - colorless kwathunthu. Pankhaniyi, nkhani lilibe madzi.

ntchito

Iwo kalekale ndipo komabe carbonate potaziyamu zosiyanasiyana applicable m'mafakitale ambiri, ndi zolinga ambiri osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zake zodabwitsa kuti ayeretse akadali ntchito popanga sopo ndi mankhwala ena m'banja.

Komanso, potashi - zoletsa kuwuma zowonjezera kwa matope. Monga timatha zosakaniza kukhala kugonjetsedwa ndi ozizira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti apitirize kumanga ngakhale pa kutentha wotsika ndithu. limathandiza kwambiri pa mankhwala ofanana ndi amene sayambitsa dzimbiri wa nyumba, komanso mapangidwe efflorescence, amene akanakhoza bwanji mphamvu ya kapangidwe ndi.

Komabe potaziyamu carbonate ntchito popanga galasi Krustalo, ndi Optics apamwamba. M'malo mwake pa nkhani imeneyi ayi. Palibenso analogues aliyense wa mankhwala Mwachitsanzo, mu kupanga galasi refractory.

Nthawi zambiri potashi - mtundu chigawo makampani mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyamwa sulfide wa hydrogen kwa zosakaniza mpweya - ndi izi amalimbanirana kuposa koloko. Apo iye ndi malo makampani mankhwala: carbonate potaziyamu kumatanthauza ena zochita, ndi m'madera ena kuoneka ngati zotsatira mbali. Wina dera ntchito - moto tagwirizana. Kuti mankhwala mankhwala nyumba matabwa, potero kuwonjezeka moto kukana kwawo.

Ndi zodabwitsa, koma potashi - kumakhalanso chakudya zowonjezera. kachidindo wake - E501 kuti adzaupereka kwa gulu la E. Kwa kanthawi icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ntchito Confectionery Mwachitsanzo, mu kupanga gingerbread. Makampani kuwala, chinthu chimenechi nawo ndondomeko za khungu.

Pomaliza, chiyembekezo mkulu wa ntchito ya potashi mu kupanga chlorine-free feteleza potaziyamu. Ash monga ntchito imeneyi kale, koma zaka zapitazo, m'malo mwa kuvala mafakitale. Mwina posachedwapa njira idzagwira ntchito pamlingo waukulu, akhala kudziwika ndi zochepa zoipa poyerekeza ndi feteleza mchere ntchito lero.

zina

Monga potashi - ndi hygroscopic kwambiri mankhwala, ma CD ake, yosungirako ndi mayendedwe ndi m'mikhalidwe wapadera. Childs, matumba wosanjikiza asanu ntchito ma CD a carbonate potaziyamu. Njira yokhayo kupewa ingress osafunika wa madzi mu mankhwala.

Komanso, n'zosadabwitsa ngakhale kuti anachita wangwiro ndi H ₂ O, carbonate potaziyamu kwathunthu kusungunuka ndi kafungo kabwino ndi Mowa.